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"De ofrivilliga näringsidkarna" – Den skatterättsliga behandlingen av utförare av transporttjänster inom delningsekonomin

Jagunic, Ana LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den digitala utvecklingen under 2010-talet har medfört en möjlighet för personer att dela varor och tjänster bortom den närmaste bekantskapskretsen. ”Delningsekonomi” är hur denna nya företeelse har kommit att benämnas. En rad plattformsföretag, varav Uber är en av de främsta, har introducerat nya affärsmodeller där tjänster erbjuds via digitala plattformar och utförs av privatpersoner. Frågan om hur dessa utförare ska behandlas både arbetsrättsligt och skatterättsligt har debatterats. I plattformsföretagens affärsmodell kategoriseras utförare som självständiga egenföretagare. Denna kategorisering har kommit att utmanas både i domstolar och i juridisk doktrin. En enskild bedömning måste göras i förhållande till varje affärsmodell som... (More)
Den digitala utvecklingen under 2010-talet har medfört en möjlighet för personer att dela varor och tjänster bortom den närmaste bekantskapskretsen. ”Delningsekonomi” är hur denna nya företeelse har kommit att benämnas. En rad plattformsföretag, varav Uber är en av de främsta, har introducerat nya affärsmodeller där tjänster erbjuds via digitala plattformar och utförs av privatpersoner. Frågan om hur dessa utförare ska behandlas både arbetsrättsligt och skatterättsligt har debatterats. I plattformsföretagens affärsmodell kategoriseras utförare som självständiga egenföretagare. Denna kategorisering har kommit att utmanas både i domstolar och i juridisk doktrin. En enskild bedömning måste göras i förhållande till varje affärsmodell som förekommer inom delningsekonomin.

Denna uppsats fokuserar på Ubers affärsmodell och utreder frågan om huruvida Uber-förares inkomster ska beskattas som inkomst av tjänst eller inkomst av näringsverksamhet samt vilka rättsliga problem som uppkommer när avgränsningen mellan inkomstslagen tjänst och näringsverksamhet tillämpas på de som utför tjänster inom delningsekonomin.

Uber argumenterar för att deras förare är självständiga entreprenörer och att Uber inte utövar någon kontroll över förarna. Utredningen i uppsatsen åskådliggör dock en annan verklighet, där betydande kontroll utövas av Uber både över transporttjänstens villkor och hur förarna ska utföra denna tjänst. Den arbetsrättsliga utredningen visar omständigheter som stödjer argumentet att Uber-förare ska betraktas som arbetstagare. Även den skatterättsliga utredningen ger stöd för att Uber-förares inkomster ska beskattas som inkomst av tjänst. Uppsatsens slutsatser utmanar således Ubers uppfattning (som är frekvent bland plattformsföretagen som verkar inom delningsekonomin) om att deras förare inte är anställda och som resultat bedriver självständig näringsverksamhet. Utredningen i uppsatsen visar dessutom att underrätter och Skatteverket har svårt att tillämpa gällande skatteregler på utförare inom delningsekonomin och att rättstillämpningen inte är förutsägbar. Den skatterättsliga gränsdragningen mellan näringsverksamhet och tjänst är följaktligen svårtillämpad på det trepartsförhållande (plattformsföretag – utförare – konsument) som förekommer inom delningsekonomin. (Less)
Abstract
Digital development during the 2010s has enabled private individuals to share goods and services beyond their immediate acquaintances. This new economic model has been dubbed as “the sharing economy”. Several platform businesses, of which Uber is leading, have introduced new business models where services are offered via digital platforms but performed by private individuals. The question of how these service providers should be treated, both in a labour law and tax law context, has been up for debate. Within the sharing economy, the service providers are often categorized as independent contractors by platform businesses. This categorization has been challenged both in courts and by legal scholars. An individual assessment needs to be... (More)
Digital development during the 2010s has enabled private individuals to share goods and services beyond their immediate acquaintances. This new economic model has been dubbed as “the sharing economy”. Several platform businesses, of which Uber is leading, have introduced new business models where services are offered via digital platforms but performed by private individuals. The question of how these service providers should be treated, both in a labour law and tax law context, has been up for debate. Within the sharing economy, the service providers are often categorized as independent contractors by platform businesses. This categorization has been challenged both in courts and by legal scholars. An individual assessment needs to be made in relation to each business model occurring within the sharing economy.

This thesis focusses particularly on Uber’s business model and examines the question of whether Uber-drivers’ income shall be taxed as income from employment or income from business activity, as well as what legal issues arise when the delimitation between income from employment and income from business activity is applied on service provides within the sharing economy.

Uber argues that their drivers are independent contractors and that Uber does not exercise any control over their drivers. However, this thesis reveals a different reality where significant control is exercised by Uber; both over the terms and conditions of the transportation service, and over the drivers’ execution of the service. Labor law research point to circumstances which supports the argument that Uber-drivers should legally be regarded as employees. Similarly, research into tax law supports the argument that Uber-drivers’ income should be taxed as income from employment. As such, this thesis challenges Uber’s perception of Uber-drivers as independent businesspersons, a perception which is common amongst platform businesses. This thesis further highlights how courts of first and second instance, as well as the Swedish tax agency, are having difficulties with applying applicable tax law on service providers within the sharing economy, which result in unpredictable implementation of tax laws. Thus, the delimitation between income from employment and income from business activity within the tax law regime has proven difficult to apply on the triangular relationship (platform business – service provider – consumer) that occurs within the sharing economy. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Jagunic, Ana LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
“Independent contractor by default” –  The taxation of transport service providers within the sharing economy
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Arbetsrätt, Delningsekonomi, Uber
language
Swedish
id
9034227
date added to LUP
2021-01-25 11:13:59
date last changed
2021-01-25 11:13:59
@misc{9034227,
  abstract     = {{Digital development during the 2010s has enabled private individuals to share goods and services beyond their immediate acquaintances. This new economic model has been dubbed as “the sharing economy”. Several platform businesses, of which Uber is leading, have introduced new business models where services are offered via digital platforms but performed by private individuals. The question of how these service providers should be treated, both in a labour law and tax law context, has been up for debate. Within the sharing economy, the service providers are often categorized as independent contractors by platform businesses. This categorization has been challenged both in courts and by legal scholars. An individual assessment needs to be made in relation to each business model occurring within the sharing economy. 

This thesis focusses particularly on Uber’s business model and examines the question of whether Uber-drivers’ income shall be taxed as income from employment or income from business activity, as well as what legal issues arise when the delimitation between income from employment and income from business activity is applied on service provides within the sharing economy.

Uber argues that their drivers are independent contractors and that Uber does not exercise any control over their drivers. However, this thesis reveals a different reality where significant control is exercised by Uber; both over the terms and conditions of the transportation service, and over the drivers’ execution of the service. Labor law research point to circumstances which supports the argument that Uber-drivers should legally be regarded as employees. Similarly, research into tax law supports the argument that Uber-drivers’ income should be taxed as income from employment. As such, this thesis challenges Uber’s perception of Uber-drivers as independent businesspersons, a perception which is common amongst platform businesses. This thesis further highlights how courts of first and second instance, as well as the Swedish tax agency, are having difficulties with applying applicable tax law on service providers within the sharing economy, which result in unpredictable implementation of tax laws. Thus, the delimitation between income from employment and income from business activity within the tax law regime has proven difficult to apply on the triangular relationship (platform business – service provider – consumer) that occurs within the sharing economy.}},
  author       = {{Jagunic, Ana}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{"De ofrivilliga näringsidkarna" – Den skatterättsliga behandlingen av utförare av transporttjänster inom delningsekonomin}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}