Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Möjlighet till tvångslicensiering avseende läkemedelspatent i enlighet med TRIPS-avtalet

Meskenaite, Gabbi LU (2020) LAGF03 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Tillgång till essentiella läkemedel är en fundamental del av bästa möjliga hälsa som genom artikel 12 av Konventionen om ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter. Emellertid beräknades 1,5 miljoner människor dö på grund av bristande tillgång till befintliga vaccin år 2019, varav en av orsakerna anses vara läkemedelspatent.

År 1995 antog WTO TRIPS-avtalet, som är den mest omfattande internationella överenskommelsen om immaterialrättsligt skydd. Avtalet ålägger WTO:s medlemsstater att implementera minimiregler som harmoniserar patenträtten och ger patentinnehavare ett omfattande skydd. Många utvecklingsländer har drabbats hårt eftersom tillgången till livsviktiga läkemedel försvårats av patent. För att balansera patenträtten mot de... (More)
Tillgång till essentiella läkemedel är en fundamental del av bästa möjliga hälsa som genom artikel 12 av Konventionen om ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter. Emellertid beräknades 1,5 miljoner människor dö på grund av bristande tillgång till befintliga vaccin år 2019, varav en av orsakerna anses vara läkemedelspatent.

År 1995 antog WTO TRIPS-avtalet, som är den mest omfattande internationella överenskommelsen om immaterialrättsligt skydd. Avtalet ålägger WTO:s medlemsstater att implementera minimiregler som harmoniserar patenträtten och ger patentinnehavare ett omfattande skydd. Många utvecklingsländer har drabbats hårt eftersom tillgången till livsviktiga läkemedel försvårats av patent. För att balansera patenträtten mot de mänskliga rättigheterna, i synnerhet rätten till hälsa, ger artikel 31 TRIPS en möjlighet till tvångslicensering som ett undantag till ensamrätten. Tvångslicensering ger stater, vid fall av nationella folkhälsonödlägen, möjlighet att tillverka en generisk variant av ett patenterat läkemedel. I samband med HIV/AIDS-krisen uppmärksammades TRIPS och kritiserades för att inte vara ett reellt verktyg då länder inte kunde få igenom tvångslicenser utan politiska repressalier. Dessutom visade TRIPS-avtalet som inte tillät export av tvångslicensen vara otymplig; stater som saknar monetära medel för läkemedel saknar också ofta infrastruktur för att tillverka generiska preparat. Under 2000-talet har avtalet omarbetats och innehåller idag bestämmelser som låter staterna själva avgöra när ett nationellt folkhälsonödläge föreligger, samt genom artikel 31bis möjliggör tvångslicensering för import av generiska läkemedel.

Hittills har tvångslicenser utfärdats sparsamt och artikel 31bis har endast tillämpats en gång. Stater som försökt att få till en tvångslicens har emellanåt nått större framgång genom att endast hota om en sådan och stater som valt att utfärda licensen har mötts av starkt politiskt motstånd. För att tvångslicensering ska fungera på ett ändamålsenligt sätt krävs det en förändrad attityd från industriländer. På grund av Covid-19 kan industriländer komma att behöva utnyttja TRIPS-avtalets samtliga mekanismer, vilket skulle kunna bana väg för en förändrad attityd i det internationella samfundet. Förutsättningarna för användning av tvångslicensering har aldrig varit så goda som avseende Covid-19-vaccin och förhållandet mellan patenträtten och tillgång till läkemedel står inför stor utveckling. (Less)
Abstract
Access to essential medicines is considered a fundamental part of the right to the highest attainable standard of health ensured by article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, in 2019 approximately 1.5 million people died due to lack of access to existing vaccines; one reason is the extensive patenting of pharmaceuticals.

In 1995 the WTO adopted the TRIPS agreement, which is the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property protection. The agreement obliges WTO member states to impose minimum standard rules that to some extent harmonize international patent law. The agreement requires states to provide patent protection for inventions belonging to all fields of... (More)
Access to essential medicines is considered a fundamental part of the right to the highest attainable standard of health ensured by article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, in 2019 approximately 1.5 million people died due to lack of access to existing vaccines; one reason is the extensive patenting of pharmaceuticals.

In 1995 the WTO adopted the TRIPS agreement, which is the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property protection. The agreement obliges WTO member states to impose minimum standard rules that to some extent harmonize international patent law. The agreement requires states to provide patent protection for inventions belonging to all fields of technology, including pharmaceuticals, for a period of 20 years. Many developing countries were negatively affected due to the increased prices of patented pharmaceuticals and lack of these thereof.

In order to balance TRIPS against human rights, in particular the right to health, Article 31 TRIPS provides for the possibility of compulsory licensing. Compulsory licensing allows states, in the event of a national public health emergency, the freedom to manufacture generic drugs. In conjunction with the HIV/AIDS crisis, TRIPS gathered public attention and got criticized for not offering feasible tools as countries were not able to attain compulsory licenses without fear of retaliations. In addition, the TRIPS agreement did not allow countries to export an eventual compulsory license which showed to be highly impractical; states that lack monetary funds for medication also often lack the infrastructure to manufacture generic drugs. During the 2000s, the agreement was revised and today contains provisions that gives states freedom to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstance of extreme urgency. Moreover, the newly added article 31bis allows states to issue compulsory licenses in order to import the drugs from other countries.

To date, compulsory licenses have been used sparingly and article 31bis has only been applied once. States that have tried to obtain a compulsory license have at times achieved greater success by only threatening of doing so, and states that have chosen to issue the license have met strong political opposition. For compulsory licensing to work in an appropriate way, a changed attitude from industrialized countries is required. Due to Covid-19, industrialized countries may need to use all the mechanisms of the TRIPS Agreement, which could pave the way for a change of attitude in the international community. The conditions for the use of compulsory licensing have never been as good as with regard to the Covid-19 vaccine, and the relationship between patent law and access to medicines is most likely to advance. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Meskenaite, Gabbi LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20202
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Folkrätt, Immaterialrätt, Läkemedelspatent, Tvångslicensering, TRIPS, patenträtt, Covid-19
language
Swedish
id
9034377
date added to LUP
2021-02-09 11:45:09
date last changed
2021-02-09 11:45:09
@misc{9034377,
  abstract     = {{Access to essential medicines is considered a fundamental part of the right to the highest attainable standard of health ensured by article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, in 2019 approximately 1.5 million people died due to lack of access to existing vaccines; one reason is the extensive patenting of pharmaceuticals. 

In 1995 the WTO adopted the TRIPS agreement, which is the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property protection. The agreement obliges WTO member states to impose minimum standard rules that to some extent harmonize international patent law. The agreement requires states to provide patent protection for inventions belonging to all fields of technology, including pharmaceuticals, for a period of 20 years. Many developing countries were negatively affected due to the increased prices of patented pharmaceuticals and lack of these thereof.

In order to balance TRIPS against human rights, in particular the right to health, Article 31 TRIPS provides for the possibility of compulsory licensing. Compulsory licensing allows states, in the event of a national public health emergency, the freedom to manufacture generic drugs. In conjunction with the HIV/AIDS crisis, TRIPS gathered public attention and got criticized for not offering feasible tools as countries were not able to attain compulsory licenses without fear of retaliations. In addition, the TRIPS agreement did not allow countries to export an eventual compulsory license which showed to be highly impractical; states that lack monetary funds for medication also often lack the infrastructure to manufacture generic drugs. During the 2000s, the agreement was revised and today contains provisions that gives states freedom to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstance of extreme urgency. Moreover, the newly added article 31bis allows states to issue compulsory licenses in order to import the drugs from other countries. 

To date, compulsory licenses have been used sparingly and article 31bis has only been applied once. States that have tried to obtain a compulsory license have at times achieved greater success by only threatening of doing so, and states that have chosen to issue the license have met strong political opposition. For compulsory licensing to work in an appropriate way, a changed attitude from industrialized countries is required. Due to Covid-19, industrialized countries may need to use all the mechanisms of the TRIPS Agreement, which could pave the way for a change of attitude in the international community. The conditions for the use of compulsory licensing have never been as good as with regard to the Covid-19 vaccine, and the relationship between patent law and access to medicines is most likely to advance.}},
  author       = {{Meskenaite, Gabbi}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Möjlighet till tvångslicensiering avseende läkemedelspatent i enlighet med TRIPS-avtalet}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}