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Har svensk rätt drabbats av tillfällig sinnesförvirring? - En studie av hur skuldprövningen påverkas av tillståndet

Ferhm, Evelina LU (2020) LAGF03 20202
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract
If the defendant has not understood the meaning of their act and has not been able to adapt their actions accordingly, the person is deemed legally non-imputable. In most other legal systems, this means that the defendant cannot be liable, but since the Criminal Code entered into force 1965, Swedish law lacks a demand for imputability. Sweden has a peculiar regulation on the matters and everyone can be tried, convicted and sentenced for a crime. Since 1965, long-standing states of confusion are subject to special treatment when the penalty is determined. When the imputability demand were abolished, it was considered that a legislative regulation was not necessary as temporary aberrated offenders would entail a lack of intent. Eventually it... (More)
If the defendant has not understood the meaning of their act and has not been able to adapt their actions accordingly, the person is deemed legally non-imputable. In most other legal systems, this means that the defendant cannot be liable, but since the Criminal Code entered into force 1965, Swedish law lacks a demand for imputability. Sweden has a peculiar regulation on the matters and everyone can be tried, convicted and sentenced for a crime. Since 1965, long-standing states of confusion are subject to special treatment when the penalty is determined. When the imputability demand were abolished, it was considered that a legislative regulation was not necessary as temporary aberrated offenders would entail a lack of intent. Eventually it became clear that temporary aberration does not preclude intent. In case of temporary aberration that is not self-inflicted, there is no legislative support for how the condition affects the trial. In doctrine, some state that a rule of discharge that exclude temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability is necessary due to the fact that the necessary prerequisite of intent does not acquit all the offenders from criminal liability. Various models of explanation of how the condition affects the trial has been presented, which will be discussed in the thesis.

The purpose of the thesis is to examine how temporary aberration influences criminal liability and what problems could be identified. In doctrine, some argue that an unwritten rule of discharge excuse non-self-inflicted temporary aberrated offenders. On the other hand, it has been uncertain whether an unwritten rule of discharge is accepted in the adjudication process. In the light of the research that has been done in the thesis, the conclusion can be drawn that an exception rule is not accepted, which the Supreme Court also confirms in the judgment "Vanföreställningen" NJA 2020 s. 169. Instead, case-law shows that the courts in most cases applies a requirement of awareness, which is part of the necessary prerequisite of intent, in order to delimit criminal liability.

The thesis also investigates if a demand for imputability needs to be reintroduced in order to solve the problems and whether such a requirement would maintain legality, predictability and the principle of guilt in a more adequate way. Thus, “Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 must be examined in order to investigate whether the judgment clarifies the legal position to the extent that a demand for imputability is not necessary. The thesis shows that the requirement of awareness is applied extensively for both long-term and short-term conditions, which means that the possibility to acquit temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability is limited. In ”Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 the Supreme Court applies the requirement of awareness more restrictive, which enables greater opportunities to acquit temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability. However, the requirements for the defendant to be acquitted due to lack of awareness seem to be high and an interpretation of the Supreme Court’s grounds of the judgment may entail that temporary aberration causes a different application of the requirement of awareness, which is in disagreement with the principle of guilt. In addition, demarcation problems arise, especially in relation to the prison prohibition which lead to a lack of predictability.

The thesis illustrates the conflicts of interest between the principle of guilt and the principle of treatment. The former principle has had a greater penetration due to the judgement, but an acquittal means that the defendant risks being left without care. The Supreme Court have provided a clarifying guidance in some matters, but the legal position is still unclear and a demand for imputability can be a possible solution to maintain the requirements of predictability and guilt in a more satisfactory way than the requirement of awareness does. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Om den tilltalade inte har förstått innebörden av sin gärning och inte har kunnat anpassa sitt handlande därefter, anses personen vara otillräknelig. I de flesta andra rättsordningar innebär det att den tilltalade inte kan dömas för brott, men svensk rätt saknar ett krav på tillräknelighet sedan brottsbalken trädde i kraft 1965. Sverige intar en särställning genom att samtliga kan bli föremål för straffrättsligt ansvar. I och med brottsbalkens ikraftträdande flyttades särbehandlingen av varaktiga tillstånd till påföljdssidan. När tillräknelighetskravet avskaffades, ansågs det att en bestämmelse om tillfällig sinnesförvirring inte var nödvändig då tillfällig sinnesförvirring skulle innebära brist på uppsåt. Vad gäller tillfällig... (More)
Om den tilltalade inte har förstått innebörden av sin gärning och inte har kunnat anpassa sitt handlande därefter, anses personen vara otillräknelig. I de flesta andra rättsordningar innebär det att den tilltalade inte kan dömas för brott, men svensk rätt saknar ett krav på tillräknelighet sedan brottsbalken trädde i kraft 1965. Sverige intar en särställning genom att samtliga kan bli föremål för straffrättsligt ansvar. I och med brottsbalkens ikraftträdande flyttades särbehandlingen av varaktiga tillstånd till påföljdssidan. När tillräknelighetskravet avskaffades, ansågs det att en bestämmelse om tillfällig sinnesförvirring inte var nödvändig då tillfällig sinnesförvirring skulle innebära brist på uppsåt. Vad gäller tillfällig sinnesförvirring som inte är självförvållad saknas lagstöd för hur tillståndet påverkar den rättsliga prövningen. Strax efter brottsbalkens ikraftträdande stod det klart att även tillfälligt sinnesförvirrade personer kan ha uppsåt. I doktrin anför vissa att en ansvarsfrihetsregel bör fria tillfälligt sinnesförvirrade personer från straffrättsligt ansvar eftersom uppsåtsrekvisitet inte skyddar i tillräcklig grad. Olika förklaringsmodeller för hur tillståndet påverkar skuldprövningen uppmärksammas i uppsatsen.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur tillfällig sinnesförvirring påverkar skuldprövningen och vilka problem som finns. I doktrin hävdar vissa att en oskriven ansvarsfrihetsgrund ursäktar den tilltalade om gärningen begicks under ett tillstånd av tillfällig sinnesförvirring. Det har däremot varit osäkert om en oskriven ansvarsfrihetsregel accepteras i rättstillämpningen. Mot bakgrund av undersökningen som har gjorts i uppsatsen kan slutsatsen dras att en ansvarsfrihetsregel inte accepteras, vilket även HD bekräftar i sin dom ”Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169. Istället visar rättspraxis att domstolarna i de flesta fall avgränsar det straffrättsliga ansvaret med hjälp av medvetenhetskravet, vilket är en del av uppsåtsrekvisitet.

I uppsatsen utreds om ett tillräknelighetskrav behövs återinföras för att lösa problemen och om ett sådant krav skulle upprätthålla legalitet, förutsägbarhet och skuldprincipen på ett mer adekvat sätt. ”Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 måste därför undersökas närmare i syfte att utreda om domen klargör rättsläget i den mån att ett tillräknelighetsrekvisit inte är nödvändigt. Uppsatsen visar att medvetenhetskravet tillämpas extensivt för både långvariga och kortvariga tillstånd vilket innebär att utrymmet för att fria tillfälligt sinnesförvirrade personer från ansvar är begränsat. ”Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 innebär att medvetenhetskravet tillämpas restriktivare vilket skapar större möjligheter att fria en person som begått en gärning under ett tillstånd av tillfällig sinnesförvirring. Kraven för att den tilltalade ska frikännas på grund av bristande medvetenhet verkar dock vara höga och en tolkning av HD:s domskäl kan tyda på att tillfällig sinnesförvirring föranleder en annorlunda tillämpning av medvetenhetskravet, vilket står i dålig överensstämmelse med skuldprincipen. Dessutom uppkommer gränsdragningsproblem, framförallt i förhållande till fängelseförbudet vilket leder till bristande förutsägbarhet.

Uppsatsen åskådliggör intressekonflikter mellan skuldprincipen och behandlingsideologiska grundsatser. Skuldprincipen har fått ett större genomslag i och med domen, men samtidigt innebär en friande dom att personen riskerar att bli utan vård. HD:s dom klargör rättsläget i viss mån, men flera frågor har lämnats obesvarade och ett tillräknelighetsrekvisit kan vara en möjlig lösning för att uppnå kraven på förutsägbarhet och skuld på ett mer tillfredsställande sätt än vad medvetenhetskravet gör. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ferhm, Evelina LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20202
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, tillfällig sinnesförvirring, ansvarsfrihet, medvetenhet, uppsåt
language
Swedish
id
9034455
date added to LUP
2021-02-09 11:51:06
date last changed
2021-02-09 11:51:06
@misc{9034455,
  abstract     = {{If the defendant has not understood the meaning of their act and has not been able to adapt their actions accordingly, the person is deemed legally non-imputable. In most other legal systems, this means that the defendant cannot be liable, but since the Criminal Code entered into force 1965, Swedish law lacks a demand for imputability. Sweden has a peculiar regulation on the matters and everyone can be tried, convicted and sentenced for a crime. Since 1965, long-standing states of confusion are subject to special treatment when the penalty is determined. When the imputability demand were abolished, it was considered that a legislative regulation was not necessary as temporary aberrated offenders would entail a lack of intent. Eventually it became clear that temporary aberration does not preclude intent. In case of temporary aberration that is not self-inflicted, there is no legislative support for how the condition affects the trial. In doctrine, some state that a rule of discharge that exclude temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability is necessary due to the fact that the necessary prerequisite of intent does not acquit all the offenders from criminal liability. Various models of explanation of how the condition affects the trial has been presented, which will be discussed in the thesis.

The purpose of the thesis is to examine how temporary aberration influences criminal liability and what problems could be identified. In doctrine, some argue that an unwritten rule of discharge excuse non-self-inflicted temporary aberrated offenders. On the other hand, it has been uncertain whether an unwritten rule of discharge is accepted in the adjudication process. In the light of the research that has been done in the thesis, the conclusion can be drawn that an exception rule is not accepted, which the Supreme Court also confirms in the judgment "Vanföreställningen" NJA 2020 s. 169. Instead, case-law shows that the courts in most cases applies a requirement of awareness, which is part of the necessary prerequisite of intent, in order to delimit criminal liability. 

The thesis also investigates if a demand for imputability needs to be reintroduced in order to solve the problems and whether such a requirement would maintain legality, predictability and the principle of guilt in a more adequate way. Thus, “Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 must be examined in order to investigate whether the judgment clarifies the legal position to the extent that a demand for imputability is not necessary. The thesis shows that the requirement of awareness is applied extensively for both long-term and short-term conditions, which means that the possibility to acquit temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability is limited. In ”Vanföreställningen” NJA 2020 s. 169 the Supreme Court applies the requirement of awareness more restrictive, which enables greater opportunities to acquit temporary aberrated offenders from criminal liability. However, the requirements for the defendant to be acquitted due to lack of awareness seem to be high and an interpretation of the Supreme Court’s grounds of the judgment may entail that temporary aberration causes a different application of the requirement of awareness, which is in disagreement with the principle of guilt. In addition, demarcation problems arise, especially in relation to the prison prohibition which lead to a lack of predictability. 

The thesis illustrates the conflicts of interest between the principle of guilt and the principle of treatment. The former principle has had a greater penetration due to the judgement, but an acquittal means that the defendant risks being left without care. The Supreme Court have provided a clarifying guidance in some matters, but the legal position is still unclear and a demand for imputability can be a possible solution to maintain the requirements of predictability and guilt in a more satisfactory way than the requirement of awareness does.}},
  author       = {{Ferhm, Evelina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Har svensk rätt drabbats av tillfällig sinnesförvirring? - En studie av hur skuldprövningen påverkas av tillståndet}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}