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Impact of MLC shape smoothing on VMAT plan complexity and agreement between planned and delivered dose

Strandell, Linnéa (2020) MSFT01 20201
Medical Physics Programme
Abstract
Background/Purpose: The aperture shape controller (ASC) was introduced in the
Eclipse treatment planning system to reduce plan complexity by counteracting irregular
multileaf collimator (MLC) shapes. This should lead to decreased difference between
the planned and measured dose distribution. The ASC was investigated to examine if it
could limit plan complexity so that the planned and measured dose distributions are more
consistent with each other, without compromising plan quality. The different ACS levels
were studied with the aim to find the most optimal level regarding both agreement between
measured and planned dose as well as plan quality.

Material and methods: Fifteen patients from three treatment sites; prostate, prostate
... (More)
Background/Purpose: The aperture shape controller (ASC) was introduced in the
Eclipse treatment planning system to reduce plan complexity by counteracting irregular
multileaf collimator (MLC) shapes. This should lead to decreased difference between
the planned and measured dose distribution. The ASC was investigated to examine if it
could limit plan complexity so that the planned and measured dose distributions are more
consistent with each other, without compromising plan quality. The different ACS levels
were studied with the aim to find the most optimal level regarding both agreement between
measured and planned dose as well as plan quality.

Material and methods: Fifteen patients from three treatment sites; prostate, prostate
including adjuvant lymph nodes (prostate lgl) and head and neck (H&N), were used in
this study. A volumetric modulated arch therapy (VMAT) treatment plan using ASC
level "Very low" was optimized for each patient. Six VMAT plans were then re-optimized
for each of the patients using the same optimization objectives as for the original "Very
low" plan, the only parameter changed was the ASC level. The plan quality was evaluated
using homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI) and dose-volume histograms
(DVH) parameters where the statistical significance was examined through Friedman tests
and post hoc Wilcoxon tests. Two different complexity metrics, the modulated complexity
score (MCSv) and the edge area metric (EAM), were calculated for each treatment plan.
The agreement between planned and delivered dose distribution was evaluated through
measurements on a Varian TrueBeam using a Delta4 phantom+ (ScandiDos AB). The correlation
between the gamma analysis pass rate (3 % / 2 mm and 2 % / 2 mm) and plan
complexity was analyzed using scatter plots and statistically investigated using Spearmans
correlation tests.

Result: Generally, only small differences were observed in plan quality between the different
ASC levels. In general, a higher ASC level decreased the complexity, and this trend
was most prominent for the EAM. All plans passed the clinical pass rate at SUS (90 % for
3 % / 2 mm). A correlation between both investigated pass rates and EAM (p = 0:000 and
p = 0:000) and MCSv (p = 0:003 and p = 0:045) was detected for the prostate patients.
No correlation was observed for the prostate lgl and H&N.

Conclusions: In general, the plan complexity decreased without compromising plan quality
for higher ASC levels. However, a better agreement between the planned and delivered
dose was not found. An ASC level between "Very low" and "High" is optimal as the plan
quality is not affected and the plan complexity is reduced for these levels. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Alla påverkas av cancer, direkt eller indirekt och under de senaste decennierna har antalet
cancerfall ökat. Med strålbehandling kan man bekämpa cancern genom att bestråla
tumören med joniserande strålning samtidigt som man försöker skydda omkringliggande
frisk vävnad i den mån det går. Med dagens teknik kan man uppnå bättre tumörkontroll
samtidigt som den friska vävnaden kan skyddas i större utrsträckning, men i och med detta
genereras även mer komplexa behandlingsplaner.

En vanlig strålbehandlingsteknik är "volumetric modulated arc therapy" (VMAT). Maskinen
som används för att bestråla tumören roterar då runt patienten samtidigt som strålfältet
formas (moduleras) med hjälp av bland annat en flerbladskollimator (MLC). MLCn
... (More)
Alla påverkas av cancer, direkt eller indirekt och under de senaste decennierna har antalet
cancerfall ökat. Med strålbehandling kan man bekämpa cancern genom att bestråla
tumören med joniserande strålning samtidigt som man försöker skydda omkringliggande
frisk vävnad i den mån det går. Med dagens teknik kan man uppnå bättre tumörkontroll
samtidigt som den friska vävnaden kan skyddas i större utrsträckning, men i och med detta
genereras även mer komplexa behandlingsplaner.

En vanlig strålbehandlingsteknik är "volumetric modulated arc therapy" (VMAT). Maskinen
som används för att bestråla tumören roterar då runt patienten samtidigt som strålfältet
formas (moduleras) med hjälp av bland annat en flerbladskollimator (MLC). MLCn
består av flera små wolframblad vars öppning justeras under bestrålningen för att passa
tumörens form samtidigt som hänsyn tas till riskorgan och tidigare dosbidrag med mera.
Desto mer modulerad en plan är, desto mer komplex brukar den vara. VMAT-planer består
ofta av små och oregelbundna MLC-öppningar, vilket innebär att det kan bli svårare att
beräkna och leverera strålningen korrekt, man får alltså en än mer komplex plan. Detta
kan i sin tur medföra en skillnad mellan den planerade och levererade strålningsfördelningen
till patienten.

Ett försök till att lösa problemet med komplexa VMAT-planer är att göra MLC-formen
jämnare. En ny funktion, som kallas "aperture shape controller" (ASC), har utvecklas
av en leverantör för att göra just detta. Genom att använda ASCn förväntas skillnaden
mellan den planerade och levererade strålningsfördelningen bli mindre.
ASCn har sex olika nivåer som avgör hur mycket vikt som läggs på att göra MLC öppningarna
jämna. Syftet med detta arbete var att försöka identifiera en optimal ASC nivå
genom att framställa VMAT-planer med olika ASC-nivåer för 15 patienter med prostatacancer
och cancer i huvud/hals området. Planernas komplexitet och kvalité (d.v.s. hur väl
planmålen uppfylls) beräknades och planerna levererades till ett mätfantom för att kunna
jämföra skillnaden mellan den planerade och levererade strålningsfördelningen. Detta
gjordes för att undersöka om ASCn kan begränsa komplexiteten utan att plankvalitén
påverkas samt hitta en lämplig nivå på ASCn.

Resultatet från denna studie visar att ASCn jämnade ut MLC öppningen och gjorde den
planerade behandlingsplanen mindre komplex utan att försämra plankvalitén i någon större
utsträckning. Skillnaden mellan planerad och levererad stråldos tycks dock inte påverkas.
Den optimala ASC nivån skiljer sig också mellan patienterna. Detta gör det svårt att
bestämma vilken nivå som generellt är den bästa. Slutsatsen från dessa resultat är att
använda näst högsta nivån eller lägre, dock inte ha den avstängd. Ytterligare studier med
fler patienter behöver göras för att kunna precisera detta. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Strandell, Linnéa
supervisor
organization
course
MSFT01 20201
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
language
English
id
9035187
date added to LUP
2021-01-17 13:02:07
date last changed
2021-01-17 13:02:07
@misc{9035187,
  abstract     = {{Background/Purpose: The aperture shape controller (ASC) was introduced in the
Eclipse treatment planning system to reduce plan complexity by counteracting irregular
multileaf collimator (MLC) shapes. This should lead to decreased difference between
the planned and measured dose distribution. The ASC was investigated to examine if it
could limit plan complexity so that the planned and measured dose distributions are more
consistent with each other, without compromising plan quality. The different ACS levels
were studied with the aim to find the most optimal level regarding both agreement between
measured and planned dose as well as plan quality.

Material and methods: Fifteen patients from three treatment sites; prostate, prostate
including adjuvant lymph nodes (prostate lgl) and head and neck (H&N), were used in
this study. A volumetric modulated arch therapy (VMAT) treatment plan using ASC
level "Very low" was optimized for each patient. Six VMAT plans were then re-optimized
for each of the patients using the same optimization objectives as for the original "Very
low" plan, the only parameter changed was the ASC level. The plan quality was evaluated
using homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI) and dose-volume histograms
(DVH) parameters where the statistical significance was examined through Friedman tests
and post hoc Wilcoxon tests. Two different complexity metrics, the modulated complexity
score (MCSv) and the edge area metric (EAM), were calculated for each treatment plan.
The agreement between planned and delivered dose distribution was evaluated through
measurements on a Varian TrueBeam using a Delta4 phantom+ (ScandiDos AB). The correlation
between the gamma analysis pass rate (3 % / 2 mm and 2 % / 2 mm) and plan
complexity was analyzed using scatter plots and statistically investigated using Spearmans
correlation tests.

Result: Generally, only small differences were observed in plan quality between the different
ASC levels. In general, a higher ASC level decreased the complexity, and this trend
was most prominent for the EAM. All plans passed the clinical pass rate at SUS (90 % for
3 % / 2 mm). A correlation between both investigated pass rates and EAM (p = 0:000 and
p = 0:000) and MCSv (p = 0:003 and p = 0:045) was detected for the prostate patients.
No correlation was observed for the prostate lgl and H&N.

Conclusions: In general, the plan complexity decreased without compromising plan quality
for higher ASC levels. However, a better agreement between the planned and delivered
dose was not found. An ASC level between "Very low" and "High" is optimal as the plan
quality is not affected and the plan complexity is reduced for these levels.}},
  author       = {{Strandell, Linnéa}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Impact of MLC shape smoothing on VMAT plan complexity and agreement between planned and delivered dose}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}