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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Bevisbörda i diskrimineringstvister

Gustafsson, Mattias LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I den första svenska jämställdhetslagen från 1979 skyddades bara diskrimineringsgrunden kön. Redan då insåg lagstiftaren att det behövdes en bevislättnad eftersom diskriminering bygger på att man vet orsaken till att arbetsgivaren har handlat på ett visst sätt. Jämställdhetslagens bevisbörderegel skapades som en presumtionsregel. En presumtionsregel innebär att arbetstagaren ska bevisa vissa omständigheter. När de är bevisade antar man att orsaken till detta är diskriminering och bevisbördan går över på arbetsgivaren som ska bryta presumtionen och visa en annan orsak som helt förklarar handlandet.

Även EU fick regler om könsdiskriminering under senare halvan av 1970-talet. Likalönedirektivet och Defrennemålet där gamla artikel 119 i
... (More)
I den första svenska jämställdhetslagen från 1979 skyddades bara diskrimineringsgrunden kön. Redan då insåg lagstiftaren att det behövdes en bevislättnad eftersom diskriminering bygger på att man vet orsaken till att arbetsgivaren har handlat på ett visst sätt. Jämställdhetslagens bevisbörderegel skapades som en presumtionsregel. En presumtionsregel innebär att arbetstagaren ska bevisa vissa omständigheter. När de är bevisade antar man att orsaken till detta är diskriminering och bevisbördan går över på arbetsgivaren som ska bryta presumtionen och visa en annan orsak som helt förklarar handlandet.

Även EU fick regler om könsdiskriminering under senare halvan av 1970-talet. Likalönedirektivet och Defrennemålet där gamla artikel 119 i
Romfördraget fick horisontell direkt effekt utgör startpunkten.

EU-domstolen skapade också en rättspraxis kring bevisbörda i diskrimineringsmål. Den praxisen kodifierades sedan i bevisbördedirektivet och i senare diskrimineringsdirektiv.

EU:s bevisbörderegler uppfattades som mera långtgående än de svenska
reglerna. Därför ändrades de svenska diskrimineringslagarna så att
bevisbörderegeln, som numera finns i dagens diskrimineringslag, fick
samma ordalydelse som direktiven 2000/78 och 2006/54 har.

I denna uppsats undersöks Arbetsdomstolens praxis om bevisbörda och hur
den förhåller sig till EU-rättens krav. I första ledet skall arbetstagaren styrka de omständigheter som gör att man kan anta att diskriminering har förekommit. Det gäller som huvudregel såväl enligt den svenska rätten som EU-rätten. I EU-domstolens praxis krävs att medlemsstaternas domstolar skall vara beredd att sänka kravet om styrkta omständigheter skulle vara så svåra för arbetstagaren att bevisa och att diskriminering inte effektivt kan bekämpas. Målet C-381/99 Brunnhofer visar att EU-rätten tillämpar detta undantag restriktivt.

I svensk rätt används ordet visa i diskrimineringslagens bevisbörderegels första led. Det är ett öppet begrepp som ger utrymme för Arbetsdomstolen att sänka arbetstagarens bevisbörda om EU-rätten kräver det. Därför uppfyller svensk rätt EU-rättens krav i detta led och vi behöver således inte ändra lagen.

I andra ledet ska arbetsgivaren – om presumtionen uppstått – motbevisa och bryta orsakssambandet genom att styrka en annan orsak som helt förklarar handlandet. I 2016 års SOU används ordet styrkt för att ge uttryck för arbetsgivarens krav på motbevisning. Detta är ett bra ord eftersom det är ett låst begrepp. Det finns inget stöd i EU-rätten för att arbetsgivarens bevisbörda kan sänkas. De lege ferenda är det bra med olika svenska ord som visar skillnaden mellan det första ledet där bevisbördelättnad kan ges och det andra ledet där det enligt EU-domstolen inte ska ges. EU-rätten har aldrig signalerat bevisbördelättnad för arbetsgivaren. Då är det bättre att man använder ordet styrkt än visar.

Om bevisning av ett visst sakförhållande hänförs till det första ledet – som motbevisning mot omständigheterna som gör presumtionen antaglig räcker det med att arbetsgivarens bevisning minskar styrkan i förhållande till arbetstagarens bevisning så att omständigheterna inte längre är styrkta. Då uppstår inte presumtionen.

Om presumtionen däremot har uppstått och arbetsgivarens bevisning
hänförs till det andra ledet måste arbetsgivaren styrka att omständigheterna visar att handlandet helt saknar samband med diskrimineringsgrunden. Kvarstående oklarheter går du ut över arbetsgivaren, inte arbetstagaren. Om Arbetsdomstolen för in sakomständigheter som ska klassificeras i det andra ledet till det första ledet är detta ett problem eftersom arbetstagaren då inte får den bevislättnad EU-rätten kräver. Arbetsdomstolen har kritiserats för sådan sammanblandning av bevisning som hör till antingen det första eller det andra ledet.

Jag har inte funnit ett enda rättsfall där det förekommit otillåten
sammanblandning. EU-domstolen accepterade i Brunnhofer att centrala
delar av arbetsgivarens bevisning placerades i första ledet som motbevisning mot presumtionen. Arbetsdomstolen placerar också gärna centrala delar av arbetsgivarens bevisning som motbevisning mot presumtionen – men går såvitt jag ser det – inte längre än vad EU-domstolen gör i Brunnhofer.

Jag tar i min analys upp tre rättsfall där Arbetsdomstolen enligt mig gjort en felaktig bevisvärdering men inget av dem är ett sammanblandningsfall. (Less)
Abstract
In the first equality act of Sweden from 1979, the scope of the
discrimination protections afforded under the act were limited by the gender of a given party. Already at that time, the legislator saw a need for a relaxation of the burden of proof as previously, discrimination matters turned on the requirement that the claimant be cognizant of why the defendant had acted in a certain manner. The rules surrounding burden of proof requirements in the equality act were therefore created as a rule of presumption. A rule of presumption means that the employee shall prove certain circumstances. When those specific circumstances are considered proven, one assumes that the reason for those circumstances are discriminatory and the burden of proof... (More)
In the first equality act of Sweden from 1979, the scope of the
discrimination protections afforded under the act were limited by the gender of a given party. Already at that time, the legislator saw a need for a relaxation of the burden of proof as previously, discrimination matters turned on the requirement that the claimant be cognizant of why the defendant had acted in a certain manner. The rules surrounding burden of proof requirements in the equality act were therefore created as a rule of presumption. A rule of presumption means that the employee shall prove certain circumstances. When those specific circumstances are considered proven, one assumes that the reason for those circumstances are discriminatory and the burden of proof shifts on to the employer. The onus then rests with the employer to then break the presumption and show another reason that fully explains the action or measure.

The EU also received numerous directives which shaped the rules pertaining to gender discrimination during the late half of the 1970s. The equal pay directive and the case of Defrenne, where the old article 119 in the treaty of Rome received direct effect, are the starting points for the EU legislation on gender discrimination.

The European Court of Justice also created case law regarding the burden of proof in cases of discrimination. The case law later was codified in the burden of the proof directive and subsequent discrimination directives. The rules regarding the burden of proof in the EU were, by both conception and operation, far-reaching than the rules of Sweden. Accordingly, the Swedish rules relating to discrimination matters were changed so that the rule of burden of proof, which is now codified in the discrimination laws of today, received the same wording as presented in directives 2000/78 and 2006/54.

In this essay, the rulings of the Labour Court on burden of proof matters and how these interplay with the judgments under the relevant EU law are examined. In the first step, as a main rule both under EU law as well as Swedish law, the employee shall prove, with the full burden of proof, the circumstances under which one may assume that a discriminatory action has taken place. In the case law of the European Court of Justice, however, it is required that the courts of member states be prepared to lower the threshold of the burden of proof if adherence to establishing the full burden of proof would result in depriving the plaintiff of any effective means of enforcing the principles of equal treatment. In case 381/99 Brunnhofer, it is shown
that EU law applies this exemption in a very cautionary and restrictive
manner.

In the first step of the rule of burden of proof in the Swedish discrimination act, the word “visa” is used for determining the threshold of the burden of proof for the plaintiff. This is an open concept that gives space for the Labour Court to lower the threshold of the burden of proof for the employee if EU law commands so. Therefore, the Swedish law fulfills the requirements under EU law and therefore changes to the Swedish legislation are not necessary.

In the second step, the employer shall counterprove and break the causal
connection through proving, under the full burden of proof, a different cause that fully explains the action taken by the employer. In SOU 2016:87 the word “styrkt” is used to express the demand on the employers’ counterproof. This is a good word since it is a locked concept. There is no suggestion in EU law that the employers’ burden of proof can be lowered. De lege ferenda, this two-word definition codifies the differences between the two steps. In the first step, relief of the burden of proof is possible and for the second step where according to EU law there shall be no relief of the burden of proof, the locked concept is used. EU law never signaled a relief of the burden of proof for the employer. Therefore, it is better to use a definition that shows the difference.

If evidence regarding a certain fact is assigned to the first step of evaluation, as counterproof to the circumstance which creates the presumption, it is enough that the employers' evidence decreases the strength relative to the employees’ evidence so that the circumstances no longer are required to be proven with the full burden of proof. Accordingly, the presumption will not arise.

If the presumption thereby has arisen and the employers’ proof is assigned to the second step of evaluation, the employer has to prove, with the full burden of proof, circumstances that prove that the action lacks all causality on the grounds of discrimination. The remaining uncertainties are relative to the employer, not the employee. If the Labour Court assigns proven circumstances invoked by the employer to the first step, when those same circumstances shall be classified in the second step, a problem arises relative to a lack of relaxation on the burden of proof for the employee which EU law commands. The Labour Court has been criticized for ambiguity on matters of evidence which either belong to the first or second step.

I have not found a single case where unallowed confusion of evidence has
taken place. The European Court of Justice accepted, in the judgment
Brunnhofer, that central parts of the employers’ evidence were placed in the first step as counterproof to the presumption. The Labour Court also places central parts of the employers’ evidence as counterproof to the presumption – extends as far as I see – no further than the European Court of Justice does in Brunnhofer.

In my analysis, I look at three cases where the Labour Court has made an
incorrect evaluation of evidence. None of the three cases I present in my analysis is, however, an unallowed confusion of evidence. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustafsson, Mattias LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Burden of proof in discrimination disputes
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Arbetsrätt, civilrätt, EU-rätt
language
Swedish
id
9042064
date added to LUP
2021-03-30 11:15:29
date last changed
2021-03-30 11:28:50
@misc{9042064,
  abstract     = {{In the first equality act of Sweden from 1979, the scope of the 
discrimination protections afforded under the act were limited by the gender of a given party. Already at that time, the legislator saw a need for a relaxation of the burden of proof as previously, discrimination matters turned on the requirement that the claimant be cognizant of why the defendant had acted in a certain manner. The rules surrounding burden of proof requirements in the equality act were therefore created as a rule of presumption. A rule of presumption means that the employee shall prove certain circumstances. When those specific circumstances are considered proven, one assumes that the reason for those circumstances are discriminatory and the burden of proof shifts on to the employer. The onus then rests with the employer to then break the presumption and show another reason that fully explains the action or measure.

The EU also received numerous directives which shaped the rules pertaining to gender discrimination during the late half of the 1970s. The equal pay directive and the case of Defrenne, where the old article 119 in the treaty of Rome received direct effect, are the starting points for the EU legislation on gender discrimination.

The European Court of Justice also created case law regarding the burden of proof in cases of discrimination. The case law later was codified in the burden of the proof directive and subsequent discrimination directives. The rules regarding the burden of proof in the EU were, by both conception and operation, far-reaching than the rules of Sweden. Accordingly, the Swedish rules relating to discrimination matters were changed so that the rule of burden of proof, which is now codified in the discrimination laws of today, received the same wording as presented in directives 2000/78 and 2006/54.

In this essay, the rulings of the Labour Court on burden of proof matters and how these interplay with the judgments under the relevant EU law are examined. In the first step, as a main rule both under EU law as well as Swedish law, the employee shall prove, with the full burden of proof, the circumstances under which one may assume that a discriminatory action has taken place. In the case law of the European Court of Justice, however, it is required that the courts of member states be prepared to lower the threshold of the burden of proof if adherence to establishing the full burden of proof would result in depriving the plaintiff of any effective means of enforcing the principles of equal treatment. In case 381/99 Brunnhofer, it is shown 
that EU law applies this exemption in a very cautionary and restrictive 
manner.

In the first step of the rule of burden of proof in the Swedish discrimination act, the word “visa” is used for determining the threshold of the burden of proof for the plaintiff. This is an open concept that gives space for the Labour Court to lower the threshold of the burden of proof for the employee if EU law commands so. Therefore, the Swedish law fulfills the requirements under EU law and therefore changes to the Swedish legislation are not necessary.

In the second step, the employer shall counterprove and break the causal 
connection through proving, under the full burden of proof, a different cause that fully explains the action taken by the employer. In SOU 2016:87 the word “styrkt” is used to express the demand on the employers’ counterproof. This is a good word since it is a locked concept. There is no suggestion in EU law that the employers’ burden of proof can be lowered. De lege ferenda, this two-word definition codifies the differences between the two steps. In the first step, relief of the burden of proof is possible and for the second step where according to EU law there shall be no relief of the burden of proof, the locked concept is used. EU law never signaled a relief of the burden of proof for the employer. Therefore, it is better to use a definition that shows the difference.

If evidence regarding a certain fact is assigned to the first step of evaluation, as counterproof to the circumstance which creates the presumption, it is enough that the employers' evidence decreases the strength relative to the employees’ evidence so that the circumstances no longer are required to be proven with the full burden of proof. Accordingly, the presumption will not arise.

If the presumption thereby has arisen and the employers’ proof is assigned to the second step of evaluation, the employer has to prove, with the full burden of proof, circumstances that prove that the action lacks all causality on the grounds of discrimination. The remaining uncertainties are relative to the employer, not the employee. If the Labour Court assigns proven circumstances invoked by the employer to the first step, when those same circumstances shall be classified in the second step, a problem arises relative to a lack of relaxation on the burden of proof for the employee which EU law commands. The Labour Court has been criticized for ambiguity on matters of evidence which either belong to the first or second step.

I have not found a single case where unallowed confusion of evidence has 
taken place. The European Court of Justice accepted, in the judgment 
Brunnhofer, that central parts of the employers’ evidence were placed in the first step as counterproof to the presumption. The Labour Court also places central parts of the employers’ evidence as counterproof to the presumption – extends as far as I see – no further than the European Court of Justice does in Brunnhofer.

In my analysis, I look at three cases where the Labour Court has made an 
incorrect evaluation of evidence. None of the three cases I present in my analysis is, however, an unallowed confusion of evidence.}},
  author       = {{Gustafsson, Mattias}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bevisbörda i diskrimineringstvister}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}