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About Time – An Examination of the Threats Posed by Climate Change and the Protection of Individuals Against Them Offered by the European Convention of Human Rights

Johansson, Edvin LU (2021) LAGF03 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Anthropogenically caused climate change is now considered a reality. Recent climate scientific insights regarding climate-related risks, e.g. heat-waves, floods, droughts etc., have generated an increased focus on limiting the rise in global mean temperature to not exceeding the 1.5°C target enshrined in the Paris Agreement. Currently however, that target is estimated to be exceeded somewhere between 2030–2052 and global mean temperature is on a trajectory towards at least 2.5°C. Hence, it’s about time to upscale climate change combatting measures!

In Europe, domestic attempts of upscaling State climate change response have recently focused on linking climate risks to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), primarily Articles 2... (More)
Anthropogenically caused climate change is now considered a reality. Recent climate scientific insights regarding climate-related risks, e.g. heat-waves, floods, droughts etc., have generated an increased focus on limiting the rise in global mean temperature to not exceeding the 1.5°C target enshrined in the Paris Agreement. Currently however, that target is estimated to be exceeded somewhere between 2030–2052 and global mean temperature is on a trajectory towards at least 2.5°C. Hence, it’s about time to upscale climate change combatting measures!

In Europe, domestic attempts of upscaling State climate change response have recently focused on linking climate risks to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), primarily Articles 2 (the Right to Life) and 8 (the Right to Respect for Private and Family Life). The thesis examines this recent development and asks how suitable those Articles are to serve as a protection of individuals against the dangerous materialization of climate risks by generating State responsibility to combat climate change.

The thesis mainly focuses on the foundational topic regarding the existence of an ECHR climate change protection at all and its existential conditions. Despite no final rulings on climate change matters by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), its vast case-law on environmental matters constitutes the linchpin of this research. As is shown, both Articles are able to generate State responsibility in terms of positive obligations in states of risk. However, some challenges to the extension of ECHR protection to climate change matters, thus questioning its suitability, are identified. The main challenge is constituted by the need for those trying to link climate change to the ECHR to show an existence of a ‘real and immediate’/’direct and severe’ risk.

After investigating and analyzing how these challenges have been dealt with in three domestic cases, the thesis concludes that theoretically, the challenges can be overcome, thus the ECHR Articles can be quite suitable also regarding climate matters. However, because of the domestic courts’ different interpretations of ECtHR case-law, especially whether current climate risks temporally fit the risk conditions required to give rise to positive obligations, the suitability can be questioned in practice. Nonetheless, the suitability question clearly is largely a question about time. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Att människan orsakat och orsakar klimatförändringar betraktas numera som en realitet. Färska klimatforskningsresultat angående klimatrelaterade risker, t.ex. värmeböljor, översvämningar, torka etc., har medfört ett ökat fokus på att begränsa höjningen av den globala medeltemperaturen så att den inte överskrider 1,5°C-målet i Parisavtalet. För närvarande uppskattas dock att det målet kommer överskridas någon gång mellan åren 2030– 2052 samt att den globala medeltemperaturen är på väg att höjas med åtminstone 2,5°C. Således är det hög tid att höja ribban för klimatförändringsbegränsande åtgärder!

I Europa har inhemska försök att höja staters klimatbekämpningsribba under senare år präglats av argument där klimatrisker kopplas samman med... (More)
Att människan orsakat och orsakar klimatförändringar betraktas numera som en realitet. Färska klimatforskningsresultat angående klimatrelaterade risker, t.ex. värmeböljor, översvämningar, torka etc., har medfört ett ökat fokus på att begränsa höjningen av den globala medeltemperaturen så att den inte överskrider 1,5°C-målet i Parisavtalet. För närvarande uppskattas dock att det målet kommer överskridas någon gång mellan åren 2030– 2052 samt att den globala medeltemperaturen är på väg att höjas med åtminstone 2,5°C. Således är det hög tid att höja ribban för klimatförändringsbegränsande åtgärder!

I Europa har inhemska försök att höja staters klimatbekämpningsribba under senare år präglats av argument där klimatrisker kopplas samman med Europakonvention för mänskliga rättigheter (EKMR) och främst dess artiklar 2 (Rätt till liv) och 8 (Rätt till skydd för privat- och familjeliv). Den här uppsatsen undersöker denna utveckling. Utifrån idéen att klimatförändringarnas farliga konsekvenser fortsatt ligger framför oss i tiden, behandlas frågan om hur lämpliga de två konventionsartiklarna är som skydd för individer mot faran klimatrisker medför, genom artiklarnas förmåga att ge upphov till statligt ansvar.

Uppsatsen fokuserar främst på de grundläggande frågorna kring EKMRs förmåga att generera klimatförändringskydd överhuvudtaget och i så fall under vilka villkor. Trots att Europadomstolen hittills inte dömt i klimatförändringsfall så utgör dess omfattande praxis i miljöfrågor grundbulten för undersökningen. Här visas att båda konventionsartiklarna kan ge upphov till statligt ansvar i form av positiva skyldigheter i situationer som involverar risk. Emellertid identifieras också ett antal utmaningar gällande utvidgandet av EKMR till att omfatta klimatfrågor, vilka i sin tur medför frågetecken för skyddets lämplighet. Störst utmaning utgör behovet att påvisa existensen av en ’äkta och omedelbar’/’direkt och allvarlig’ risk. Sedan undersöks och analyseras hur dessa utmaningar har hanterats i tre inhemska rättsfall. Till slut fastslås att i teorin är inga av dessa utmaningar oöverstigliga och således kan konventionsartiklarna och dess medförande skydd betraktas som lämpliga även i klimatfall. Eftersom de nationella domstolarna dock har tolkat Europadomstolens praxis olika – främst om de nuvarande klimatriskerna rent tidsmässigt passar och därmed uppfyller de riskvillkor som krävs för att ge upphov till positiva skyldigheter – kan skyddets lämplighet i praktiken ifrågasättas. Icke desto mindre råder det inga tvivel om att lämplighetsfrågan främst är en fråga om tid. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Johansson, Edvin LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20211
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Public international law, ECHR, human rights, climate change, risk, State responsibility, Environmental law
language
English
id
9045547
date added to LUP
2021-06-29 16:43:57
date last changed
2021-06-29 16:43:57
@misc{9045547,
  abstract     = {{Anthropogenically caused climate change is now considered a reality. Recent climate scientific insights regarding climate-related risks, e.g. heat-waves, floods, droughts etc., have generated an increased focus on limiting the rise in global mean temperature to not exceeding the 1.5°C target enshrined in the Paris Agreement. Currently however, that target is estimated to be exceeded somewhere between 2030–2052 and global mean temperature is on a trajectory towards at least 2.5°C. Hence, it’s about time to upscale climate change combatting measures!

In Europe, domestic attempts of upscaling State climate change response have recently focused on linking climate risks to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), primarily Articles 2 (the Right to Life) and 8 (the Right to Respect for Private and Family Life). The thesis examines this recent development and asks how suitable those Articles are to serve as a protection of individuals against the dangerous materialization of climate risks by generating State responsibility to combat climate change.

The thesis mainly focuses on the foundational topic regarding the existence of an ECHR climate change protection at all and its existential conditions. Despite no final rulings on climate change matters by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), its vast case-law on environmental matters constitutes the linchpin of this research. As is shown, both Articles are able to generate State responsibility in terms of positive obligations in states of risk. However, some challenges to the extension of ECHR protection to climate change matters, thus questioning its suitability, are identified. The main challenge is constituted by the need for those trying to link climate change to the ECHR to show an existence of a ‘real and immediate’/’direct and severe’ risk.

After investigating and analyzing how these challenges have been dealt with in three domestic cases, the thesis concludes that theoretically, the challenges can be overcome, thus the ECHR Articles can be quite suitable also regarding climate matters. However, because of the domestic courts’ different interpretations of ECtHR case-law, especially whether current climate risks temporally fit the risk conditions required to give rise to positive obligations, the suitability can be questioned in practice. Nonetheless, the suitability question clearly is largely a question about time.}},
  author       = {{Johansson, Edvin}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{About Time – An Examination of the Threats Posed by Climate Change and the Protection of Individuals Against Them Offered by the European Convention of Human Rights}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}