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Begreppet 'klimatflykting'- en undersökning av de doktrinära ståndpunkterna av begreppets definition och betydelse

Lu, Lina LU (2021) LAGF03 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sambandet mellan klimatförändringarna och tvångsmigration är ett relativt nytt, men väl utforskat område inom den juridiska forskningen. I nuläget finns det inga folkrättsliga bestämmelser som reglerar sambandet, trots att verkningarna av klimatförändringarna förväntas driva, och har drivit, ett stort antal människor på flykt. För att kunna utveckla ett adekvat juridiskt skydd för denna grupp har det föreslagits att gruppen ska benämnas ‘klimatflyktingar’ och att begreppet ‘klimatflykting’ ska utgöra grunden för det folkrättsliga skyddet. Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka ställningstaganden kring begreppet klimatflykting genom att studera folkrättslig doktrin.

Begreppet klimatflyktingar saknar folkrättsligt erkännande då begreppets... (More)
Sambandet mellan klimatförändringarna och tvångsmigration är ett relativt nytt, men väl utforskat område inom den juridiska forskningen. I nuläget finns det inga folkrättsliga bestämmelser som reglerar sambandet, trots att verkningarna av klimatförändringarna förväntas driva, och har drivit, ett stort antal människor på flykt. För att kunna utveckla ett adekvat juridiskt skydd för denna grupp har det föreslagits att gruppen ska benämnas ‘klimatflyktingar’ och att begreppet ‘klimatflykting’ ska utgöra grunden för det folkrättsliga skyddet. Uppsatsen syfte är att undersöka ställningstaganden kring begreppet klimatflykting genom att studera folkrättslig doktrin.

Begreppet klimatflyktingar saknar folkrättsligt erkännande då begreppets innebörd inte är förenligt med de krav som framställs i flyktingkonventionen. Flyktingkonventionen är det huvudsakliga folkrättsliga instrument som styr flyktingdefinitionen, vilket innebär att de som flyr på grund av klimatrelaterade orsaker inte kan förväntas begagna sig av det skydd som omfattar till exempel politiska flyktingar.

Inom doktrinen har det diskuterats om ett införande av begreppet klimatflykting i flyktingkonventionen är ett lämpligt tillvägagångssätt för av att utveckla det juridiska skyddet för de som drivits på klimatrelaterad tvångsmigration. Förslaget har ansetts vara inadekvat och svårt att genomföra på grund av att klimatrelaterad flykt skiljer sig markant från den typen av flykt som åsyftas i flyktingkonventionen. För att flykting ska erkännas sin flyktingstatus enligt flyktingkonventionen måste det vara fråga om gränsöverskridande flykt på grund av välgrundad fruktan för förföljelse. Kraven har visat sig svåra att applicera på klimatrelaterad tvångsmigration eftersom klimatrelaterad flykt förväntas ske inom landsgränserna. Dessutom saknar klimatpåverkan ett direkt samband med förföljelsegrunderna. 



Användandet av begreppet klimatflykting har kritiserats på grund av att det indikerar att det finns en direkt korrelation mellan klimatförändringar och tvångsmigration. Tvångsmigration är multi-kausalt, vilket innebär att det finns flera bakomliggande faktorer även i de fall där det är fråga om klimatrelaterad tvångsmigration. Förespråkare för användandet av begreppet klimatflykting belyser att flyktingbegreppet är för stelbent och inaktuellt då flyktingskapet i dagsläget även inkluderar klimatrelaterad flykt. Användandet och en etablering av begreppet klimatflykting vore således ett steg i rätt riktning. Vidare har juridiska begrepp oftast en innebörd som sträcker längre än ordalydelsen, argumentet att begreppet klimatflykting inte fångar den multi-kausala aspekten av tvångsmigration bör därför inte utgöra ett hinder för begreppets användande.

De doktrinära åsikterna går isär rörande frågan om begreppet klimatflykting endast ska omfatta personer som korsar en internationell landsgräns, eller om begreppet även inkluderar internflyktingar. Förespråkare av det förstnämnda anser att de som bedrivs på internationell, klimatrelaterad tvångsmigration är särskilt utsatta då de saknar folkrättslig skydd enligt flyktingkonventionen. De tvångsmigranter som flyr inom landet omfattas av UNCHR Guiding principles on Internal displacement och kan således tillgodogöra sig ett visst juridiskt skydd eftersom dokumentet inkluderar internflykt på grund av klimat- och miljökatastrofer. Argumentet har kritiserats då The Guiding Principles är ett soft law- instrument och därmed inte att likställa med bindande folkrättsliga konventioner.

Gränsdragningen vid begreppet klimatflykting kan bli särskilt svår i de fall där missförhållanden som fattigdom och svält har en lika stor betydelse för tvångsmigrationen. Att använda begreppet klimatflykting i detta fall kan därför anses vanskligt och godtyckligt. Det har i fallstudierna lyfts fram att tvångsmigrationen i landet främst beror på andra missförhållanden än klimatrelaterade katastrofer.

Då majoriteten av all klimatrelaterad tvångsmigration kommer att ske inom landsgränserna bör folkrättsliga organ verka för att The Guiding Principles införs som lag i särskilt utsatta länder för att stärka internflyktingarnas skydd. Dokumentet behandlar, till skillnad från flyktingkonventionen, flyktingskapet i tre stadier; förebyggande åtgärder, reaktiva åtgärder och återuppbyggande åtgärder.

Frågan om innebörden av begreppet klimatflykting är vida omtvistat, begreppets yttre gränser definieras av de flesta som internationell eller intern tvångsmigration på grund av klimatrelaterade orsaker. De doktrinära åsikterna är dock ense om att begreppet för närvarande existerar i ett juridiskt tomrum. Detta behöver åtgärdas om tvångsmigranter som flyr på grund av klimatrelaterade orsaker ska kunna tillägna sig ett folkrättsligt skydd i framtiden. (Less)
Abstract
The climate change and forced migration nexus is a relatively novel field in international law. This nexus has however, attracted much attention in legal doctrine. At present there are no regulations regarding this matter in international refugee law, despite the fact that climate change is expected to become one of the main drivers of forced migration. In order to accommodate the increasing need of legal protection for climate related displacement, it has been suggested that the term ‘climate refugee’ should constitute the foundation which rights can flow from. This essay aims to examine the doctrinal views on the term climate refugee. 


The term climate refugees is not acknowledged in international refugee law since the meaning of the... (More)
The climate change and forced migration nexus is a relatively novel field in international law. This nexus has however, attracted much attention in legal doctrine. At present there are no regulations regarding this matter in international refugee law, despite the fact that climate change is expected to become one of the main drivers of forced migration. In order to accommodate the increasing need of legal protection for climate related displacement, it has been suggested that the term ‘climate refugee’ should constitute the foundation which rights can flow from. This essay aims to examine the doctrinal views on the term climate refugee. 


The term climate refugees is not acknowledged in international refugee law since the meaning of the term is incompatible with stipulated requirements in The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Because of this, individuals who are forced to migrate due to climate change are not protected by international refugee law.

There have been discussions in doctrine regarding if an inclusion of the term climate refugee in the 1951 Refugee Convention could form an appropriate basis for legal protection. The suggestion has been considered inadequate and difficult to implement, since climate related displacement differs from the type of displacement that the 1951 Refugee Convention refers to. In order for a refugee to be acknowledged of their status, the refugee must have fled across an international border due to well- founded fear of persecution. These requirements have proven to be difficult to apply to climate related displacement. The reasons behind are that climate change lacks a direct connection with the grounds for protection, and because most cases of climate related displacement is predicted to be internal.

Usage of the term climate refugee has been criticised since it indicates a direct correlation between climate change and displacement. Displacement in general is multi- causal, meaning that even in cases of climate related displacement there are multiple reasons behind the decision to leave. Advocates for the usage of the term climate refugee deem the term ‘refugee’ somewhat obsolete, partly due to the 1951 Refugee Convention. The current situation for many refugees is that they have to manage climate change, using the term climate refugee and establishing in doctrine would thus be a step in the right direction. Furthermore, advocates of the term climate refugee states that legal terms generally extends further than the word suggests, the term climate refugee is no exception and should therefore not become subject to a restriction of this sort.

Doctrine has yet to agree on whether the term climate refugee is delimited to international refugees or if the term also includes internal refugees. Arguments that favour a delimitation to international refugees emphasises that international refugees are particularly vulnerable to violations of human rights since they are not protected by international refugee law. Internal refugees on the other hand are protected by the UNCHR Guiding principles on Internal displacement since the document recognises climate disasters as a ground of protection. These arguments have been criticised, a majority of forced climate migrants are predicted to migrate within the country, thus it is a necessity that internal migrants are included in any term that describes climate migrants. The Guiding principles is a soft- law document, rendering it an inadequate document to rely on if it has not been incorporated into national laws.

Case studies from Bangladesh have shown that delimiting the term climate refugee is particularly difficult when severe poverty, famine and other social strains are involved. Usage of the term climate refugee in these cases can prove to become both precarious and arbitrary. The case studies indicate that forced migration and long term displacement is dependant on severe difficulties to obtain an acceptable living standard, rather than climate disasters.

The vast majority of climate related forced migration is expected to be domestic. Therefore, international authorities such as the United Nations ought to aid vulnerable countries with incorporating The Guiding Principles into national law. The Guiding Principles treats, unlike the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugee status in three stages; preventive measures, reaktive measures and rebuilding measures.

The meaning of the term climate refugees is widely debated in doctrine. The outer limitations of the term is defined by most as international or internal forced migration due to climate related events. Doctrine has agreed upon that the term currently exists in a legal void, a void that needs to be adressed if the legal rights of forced climate migrants are ever to emerge. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lu, Lina LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20211
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Folkrätt, internationell flyktingrätt, klimatflykt, klimatflykting
language
Swedish
id
9045765
date added to LUP
2021-06-29 16:40:49
date last changed
2021-06-29 16:40:49
@misc{9045765,
  abstract     = {{The climate change and forced migration nexus is a relatively novel field in international law. This nexus has however, attracted much attention in legal doctrine. At present there are no regulations regarding this matter in international refugee law, despite the fact that climate change is expected to become one of the main drivers of forced migration. In order to accommodate the increasing need of legal protection for climate related displacement, it has been suggested that the term ‘climate refugee’ should constitute the foundation which rights can flow from. This essay aims to examine the doctrinal views on the term climate refugee. 


The term climate refugees is not acknowledged in international refugee law since the meaning of the term is incompatible with stipulated requirements in The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Because of this, individuals who are forced to migrate due to climate change are not protected by international refugee law.

There have been discussions in doctrine regarding if an inclusion of the term climate refugee in the 1951 Refugee Convention could form an appropriate basis for legal protection. The suggestion has been considered inadequate and difficult to implement, since climate related displacement differs from the type of displacement that the 1951 Refugee Convention refers to. In order for a refugee to be acknowledged of their status, the refugee must have fled across an international border due to well- founded fear of persecution. These requirements have proven to be difficult to apply to climate related displacement. The reasons behind are that climate change lacks a direct connection with the grounds for protection, and because most cases of climate related displacement is predicted to be internal.

Usage of the term climate refugee has been criticised since it indicates a direct correlation between climate change and displacement. Displacement in general is multi- causal, meaning that even in cases of climate related displacement there are multiple reasons behind the decision to leave. Advocates for the usage of the term climate refugee deem the term ‘refugee’ somewhat obsolete, partly due to the 1951 Refugee Convention. The current situation for many refugees is that they have to manage climate change, using the term climate refugee and establishing in doctrine would thus be a step in the right direction. Furthermore, advocates of the term climate refugee states that legal terms generally extends further than the word suggests, the term climate refugee is no exception and should therefore not become subject to a restriction of this sort.

Doctrine has yet to agree on whether the term climate refugee is delimited to international refugees or if the term also includes internal refugees. Arguments that favour a delimitation to international refugees emphasises that international refugees are particularly vulnerable to violations of human rights since they are not protected by international refugee law. Internal refugees on the other hand are protected by the UNCHR Guiding principles on Internal displacement since the document recognises climate disasters as a ground of protection. These arguments have been criticised, a majority of forced climate migrants are predicted to migrate within the country, thus it is a necessity that internal migrants are included in any term that describes climate migrants. The Guiding principles is a soft- law document, rendering it an inadequate document to rely on if it has not been incorporated into national laws.

Case studies from Bangladesh have shown that delimiting the term climate refugee is particularly difficult when severe poverty, famine and other social strains are involved. Usage of the term climate refugee in these cases can prove to become both precarious and arbitrary. The case studies indicate that forced migration and long term displacement is dependant on severe difficulties to obtain an acceptable living standard, rather than climate disasters.
 
The vast majority of climate related forced migration is expected to be domestic. Therefore, international authorities such as the United Nations ought to aid vulnerable countries with incorporating The Guiding Principles into national law. The Guiding Principles treats, unlike the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugee status in three stages; preventive measures, reaktive measures and rebuilding measures. 

The meaning of the term climate refugees is widely debated in doctrine. The outer limitations of the term is defined by most as international or internal forced migration due to climate related events. Doctrine has agreed upon that the term currently exists in a legal void, a void that needs to be adressed if the legal rights of forced climate migrants are ever to emerge.}},
  author       = {{Lu, Lina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Begreppet 'klimatflykting'- en undersökning av de doktrinära ståndpunkterna av begreppets definition och betydelse}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}