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Den digitala plattformen – En oumbärlig resurs?

Malm, Daniel LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Konkurrensrätten främjar flera syften, däribland effektiv konkurrens och avtalsfrihet. Vad händer när dessa syften ställs mot varandra? Exempelvis när ett dominant företag väljer att inte leverera en resurs till sina konkurrenter eller andra aktörer på marknaden och den effektiva konkurrensen därför begränsas. Ett sådant beteende kan vara otillåtet, avtalsfriheten till trots. Doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter är ett av de medel som används för att förhindra otillåten leveransvägran när resursen anses oumbärlig. Resultatet av att applicera doktrinen på en situation som uppfyller de utsatta tillämpningskriterierna är att det leveransvägrande företaget beläggs med en kontraheringsplikt eller, i fall där resursen skyddas av en... (More)
Konkurrensrätten främjar flera syften, däribland effektiv konkurrens och avtalsfrihet. Vad händer när dessa syften ställs mot varandra? Exempelvis när ett dominant företag väljer att inte leverera en resurs till sina konkurrenter eller andra aktörer på marknaden och den effektiva konkurrensen därför begränsas. Ett sådant beteende kan vara otillåtet, avtalsfriheten till trots. Doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter är ett av de medel som används för att förhindra otillåten leveransvägran när resursen anses oumbärlig. Resultatet av att applicera doktrinen på en situation som uppfyller de utsatta tillämpningskriterierna är att det leveransvägrande företaget beläggs med en kontraheringsplikt eller, i fall där resursen skyddas av en immaterialrättighet, en typ av tvångslicens.

Doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter härstammar från den amerikanska konkurrensrätten men har därefter utvecklats fristående i Europa och tillämpas av bland annat kommissionen och EU-domstolen. Utvecklingen av doktrinen har främst skett genom dessa institutioner i form av en rad avgöranden som idag utgör en omfattande praxis. Doktrinen tillämpas när ett dominerande företag innehar en resurs som är nödvändig för ett annat företags verksamhet på en angränsande marknad. Det krävs därutöver att företaget vägrar att tillhandahålla resursen, att vägran riskerar att eliminera all konkurrens från den angränsande marknaden samt att det inte föreligger några objektivt godtagbara ursäkter för beteendet. Det kan tilläggas att definitionen av leveransvägran är relativt långtgående. I situationer där resursen skyddas av en immateriell rättighet så tillkommer även ett krav på att vägran ska innebära att en ny produkt hindras från att introduceras på marknaden. Den svenska tillämpningen av doktrinen är mer extensiv i sin tolkning jämfört med den europeiska, genom att fler situationer inkluderas inom kriterierna för doktrinens tillämpning. Vilket resulterar i att fler situationer anses konstituera missbruk.

En pågående trend är att den digitala marknaden växer i storlek, aktörerna är i många fall plattformar där de största innehar en dominant position. En konsekvens av att de digitala marknaderna är oreglerade i högre grad än, och skiljer sig till sin karaktär jämfört med, mer traditionella marknader är att tillämpningen av konkurrensregleringar försvåras. De digitala marknaderna karaktäriseras främst av mångsidighet, de har flera kundgrupper, samt av nätverkseffekter inom och mellan dessa kundgrupper. Det finns vidare olika typer av digitala marknader, de som är föränderliga och präglas av innovation och nya aktörer samt de som är närmast låsta som i stället präglas av höga inträdesbarriärer, branschstandarder och dominanta aktörer som styr marknaderna. De senare aktörerna kan många gånger kvalificeras som gatekeepers – en aktör som innehar en resurs som är nödvändig för andras verksamhet på marknaden. Det kan dras tydliga paralleller mellan begreppet gatekeeper och doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter som har en liknande utgångspunkt i nödvändiga resurser.

Det är möjligt att tillämpa doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter på digitala marknader så länge kriterierna doktrinen ställer upp är uppfyllda, även om dessa marknader har en annan karaktär gentemot mer traditionella marknader. I teorin skiljer sig inte tillämpligheten från andra marknader men på grund av andra utgångspunkter och marknadskrafter försvåras den i praktiken. Det kan därför vara nödvändigt att anpassa doktrinen vid de situationer då den appliceras på digitala plattformar, på samma sätt som doktrinen anpassats för immaterialrättsligt skyddade resurser. Doktrinen har dock vissa områden där tillämpning ligger närmare till hands. Det är främst två situationer, när immaterialrättsliga resurser är inblandade samt när ett företag ger sin egen verksamhet mer gynnsamma förutsättningar eller villkor gentemot konkurrenter för nyttjandet av den nödvändiga resursen. (Less)
Abstract
Competition law promotes several purposes, including that of an effective competition and contractual freedom. What are the consequences when these purposes clash? For example, what happens when a dominant company refuses to supply a certain resource to its competitors with the result of hindering the competition? Such behaviours can be deemed illicit, despite the promotion of contractual freedom.

The essential facilities doctrine is one of the means used to prohibit illicit refusal to supply, when the resource is deemed essential. Using the doctrine to stop an abusive behaviour will result in an obligation for the abuser to supply the resource at reasonable terms, or if the resource is protected by an intellectual property right, by... (More)
Competition law promotes several purposes, including that of an effective competition and contractual freedom. What are the consequences when these purposes clash? For example, what happens when a dominant company refuses to supply a certain resource to its competitors with the result of hindering the competition? Such behaviours can be deemed illicit, despite the promotion of contractual freedom.

The essential facilities doctrine is one of the means used to prohibit illicit refusal to supply, when the resource is deemed essential. Using the doctrine to stop an abusive behaviour will result in an obligation for the abuser to supply the resource at reasonable terms, or if the resource is protected by an intellectual property right, by means of a compulsory license.

The essential facility doctrine has its origin in the anti-trust laws of the USA, to thereafter be adopted by and evolve independently within the EU courts. Through precedents there is an extensive basis for the application of the doctrine. The doctrine is applicable when there is a refusal to supply, by a dominant firm, an essential resource for the business activity on a downstream market. Furthermore, the refusal should conclude the risk of the elimination of the competition on the downstream market as well as a lack of any objectively acceptable excuse for the behaviour. In the situation where the resource is protected by an intellectual property right, an additional criterion is needed, the refusal needs to hinder the appearance of a new product on the market. The Swedish interpretation of the doctrine includes a wider scope for the application, meaning a wider range of situations are deemed to be abusive in comparison to the European application.

The digital markets are steadily growing both larger and stronger, the dominant entities on these markets are in most cases platforms. As a consequence of the market not being regulated in the same sense as other markets, as well as the different characteristics in comparison to more traditional markets, the application of competition law is more difficult. These digital markets are mostly characterised by being multisided, based on the high number of customer groups at one time as well as by network effects within and between these groups. Digital markets can be divided into two types, those characterised by innovation, new entrants and a high paced change and those characterised by high barriers to enter, industry standards, locked markets and dominant entities who controls the market. These dominant entities are often qualified as gatekeepers, meaning they own a resource essential for other firms to compete on the market (the resource often being the platform which created the market in question). Gatekeepers and the essential facility doctrine share one major characteristic, the essential facility, from which conclusions could be drawn about the application of the doctrine.

Although different compared to more traditional markets, digital platforms can be applicable under the doctrine of essential facilities – as an essential facility, if the criteria for application are fulfilled. In theory the applicability does not differ between digital markets and other markets, but due to differences in how a digital market is built as well as in how it functions the application can be difficult in practise. Therefore, it can be necessary to adapt the doctrine to the characteristics of the digital market, when applied on digital platforms. In the same way the doctrine is adapted to resources protected by intellectual property – to ease the application and increase foreseeability. When it comes to the general applicability there are some situations on the digital market for which the doctrine is better suited. I refer to mainly two situations: where the resource is protected by intellectual property rights and where the dominant firm is conducting a self-preferential behaviour. The latter meaning, the firm is applying more favourable terms for its own usage of the resource compared to those given to competitors. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Malm, Daniel LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The digital platform – An essential facility?
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, konkurrensrätt, doktrinen om nödvändiga nyttigheter, digitala plattformar, digital marknad
language
Swedish
id
9046096
date added to LUP
2021-06-22 08:50:32
date last changed
2021-06-22 08:50:32
@misc{9046096,
  abstract     = {{Competition law promotes several purposes, including that of an effective competition and contractual freedom. What are the consequences when these purposes clash? For example, what happens when a dominant company refuses to supply a certain resource to its competitors with the result of hindering the competition? Such behaviours can be deemed illicit, despite the promotion of contractual freedom. 

The essential facilities doctrine is one of the means used to prohibit illicit refusal to supply, when the resource is deemed essential. Using the doctrine to stop an abusive behaviour will result in an obligation for the abuser to supply the resource at reasonable terms, or if the resource is protected by an intellectual property right, by means of a compulsory license. 

The essential facility doctrine has its origin in the anti-trust laws of the USA, to thereafter be adopted by and evolve independently within the EU courts. Through precedents there is an extensive basis for the application of the doctrine. The doctrine is applicable when there is a refusal to supply, by a dominant firm, an essential resource for the business activity on a downstream market. Furthermore, the refusal should conclude the risk of the elimination of the competition on the downstream market as well as a lack of any objectively acceptable excuse for the behaviour. In the situation where the resource is protected by an intellectual property right, an additional criterion is needed, the refusal needs to hinder the appearance of a new product on the market. The Swedish interpretation of the doctrine includes a wider scope for the application, meaning a wider range of situations are deemed to be abusive in comparison to the European application. 

The digital markets are steadily growing both larger and stronger, the dominant entities on these markets are in most cases platforms. As a consequence of the market not being regulated in the same sense as other markets, as well as the different characteristics in comparison to more traditional markets, the application of competition law is more difficult. These digital markets are mostly characterised by being multisided, based on the high number of customer groups at one time as well as by network effects within and between these groups. Digital markets can be divided into two types, those characterised by innovation, new entrants and a high paced change and those characterised by high barriers to enter, industry standards, locked markets and dominant entities who controls the market. These dominant entities are often qualified as gatekeepers, meaning they own a resource essential for other firms to compete on the market (the resource often being the platform which created the market in question). Gatekeepers and the essential facility doctrine share one major characteristic, the essential facility, from which conclusions could be drawn about the application of the doctrine.

Although different compared to more traditional markets, digital platforms can be applicable under the doctrine of essential facilities – as an essential facility, if the criteria for application are fulfilled. In theory the applicability does not differ between digital markets and other markets, but due to differences in how a digital market is built as well as in how it functions the application can be difficult in practise. Therefore, it can be necessary to adapt the doctrine to the characteristics of the digital market, when applied on digital platforms. In the same way the doctrine is adapted to resources protected by intellectual property – to ease the application and increase foreseeability. When it comes to the general applicability there are some situations on the digital market for which the doctrine is better suited. I refer to mainly two situations: where the resource is protected by intellectual property rights and where the dominant firm is conducting a self-preferential behaviour. The latter meaning, the firm is applying more favourable terms for its own usage of the resource compared to those given to competitors.}},
  author       = {{Malm, Daniel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Den digitala plattformen – En oumbärlig resurs?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}