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Refusing Medical Treatment due to Mental Capacity - A Study of the Concept of a Valid Consent and What the Healthcare Personnel's Obligations are When the Patient has not Given an Informed Consent

Bennshagen, Thérèse LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This essay has two purposes: to examine how much the patient has to understand to be able to consent to medical treatment and what the healthcare personnel's obligations are when the consent is not informed. Regarding the first purpose I concluded that there is no explicit requirement of a certain mental capacity to consent but that if one considered an uninformed consent to constitute a forced bodily intervention, which is prohibited in Chapter 2 Section 6 Instrument of the Government, then medical treatment can be refused.

Regarding the essay's second purpose I examined this both in relation to Swedish and international law. With Swedish law I, firstly, studied the healthcare personnel's obligations to provide a good,... (More)
This essay has two purposes: to examine how much the patient has to understand to be able to consent to medical treatment and what the healthcare personnel's obligations are when the consent is not informed. Regarding the first purpose I concluded that there is no explicit requirement of a certain mental capacity to consent but that if one considered an uninformed consent to constitute a forced bodily intervention, which is prohibited in Chapter 2 Section 6 Instrument of the Government, then medical treatment can be refused.

Regarding the essay's second purpose I examined this both in relation to Swedish and international law. With Swedish law I, firstly, studied the healthcare personnel's obligations to provide a good, patient-oriented, care and care with equal opportunity. I concluded that since these obligations are vague it is unclear if the healthcare personnel would contravene these obligations if they refused to give medical treatment. Secondly, I examined if refusal to give medical treatment due to mental capacity could constitute discrimination and I studied this in relation to indirect discrimination and inadequate accessibility. I concluded that there are uncertainties if patients with reduced decision-making capabilities would be regarded as disabled within the meaning of DiskL. I also concluded that it could constitute indirect discrimination but that the refusal could be allowed if there was a risk of the patient being harmed. Additionally, I concluded that it was hard to assess if it could constitute inadequate accessibility, partly since one has to consider the financial and practical aspects, partly since it is unclear if individual adjustments are included. Secondly, I examined international law, specifically the ECHR and the CRPD. Regarding the ECHR I concluded that it is possible to claim that there has been an interference with the convention but that an individual assessment must be made. Regarding the CRPD I concluded that it would interfere with the right to legal capacity to refuse medical treatment. I also stated that Sweden has an obligation to provide reasonable accommodation and that it constitutes inappropriate influence to refuse medical treatment due to mental capacity.

Lastly, I analysed and discussed, once again, if an uninformed consent could constitute a forced bodily intervention. I also discussed this issue in relation to what risks persons with reduced decision-making capabilities are allowed to take. Finally, by using a bridge-metaphor I illustrated the dangers of having unclear obligations for the healthcare personnel as it creates opportunity for personal interpretations. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats har två syften: att undersöka hur mycket patienten måste förstå för att kunna samtycka till medicinsk behandling samt vad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens skyldigheter är när samtycket inte är informerat. Angående det första syftet kom jag fram till att det inte finns ett uttryckligt krav på att patienten ska ha en viss mental nivå för att samtycka men att om man anser att ett oinformerat samtycke skulle utgöra ett påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp, som förbjuds i regeringsformen 2 kap. 6 §, kan en medicinsk behandling nekas.

Angående uppsatsens andra syfte undersökte jag detta i svensk och i internationell rätt. Med svensk rätt tittade jag på först på hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens skyldigheter att ge en god och... (More)
Denna uppsats har två syften: att undersöka hur mycket patienten måste förstå för att kunna samtycka till medicinsk behandling samt vad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens skyldigheter är när samtycket inte är informerat. Angående det första syftet kom jag fram till att det inte finns ett uttryckligt krav på att patienten ska ha en viss mental nivå för att samtycka men att om man anser att ett oinformerat samtycke skulle utgöra ett påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp, som förbjuds i regeringsformen 2 kap. 6 §, kan en medicinsk behandling nekas.

Angående uppsatsens andra syfte undersökte jag detta i svensk och i internationell rätt. Med svensk rätt tittade jag på först på hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens skyldigheter att ge en god och patientcentrerad vård och en vård på lika villkor. Jag kom fram till att då dessa skyldigheter är så vagt formulerade är det svårt att hävda att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen skulle gå emot dessa skyldigheter om de nekade medicinsk behandling på grund av mental kapacitet. Därefter undersökte jag om nekande av medicinsk behandling skulle kunna utgöra diskriminering och jag undersökte specifikt indirekt diskriminering och bristande tillgänglighet. Jag kom fram till att det först och främst finns oklarheter om beslutsoförmögna patienter skulle falla in under diskrimineringslagens förståelse av funktionsnedsättning. Vad gäller indirekt diskriminering kom jag fram till att det kan utgöra indirekt diskriminering men att det eventuellt kan tillåtas om det finns en risk för patientens hälsa. Vad gäller bristande tillgänglighet kom jag fram till att det är svårt att bedöma om det skulle utgöra diskriminering dels då man ska beakta ekonomiska och praktiska möjligheter, dels då det är oklart om det inkluderas individuella anpassningar. När jag undersökte internationell rätt tittade jag på EKMR eller CRPD. Vad gäller EKMR kommer jag fram till att det finns en möjlighet att hävda att det skulle strida mot EKMR att neka men att individuella bedömningar kommer göras här. Vad gäller CRPD konstaterar jag att det skulle strida mot rätten till rättshandlingsförmåga att neka medicinsk behandling. Jag konstaterade även Sverige har skyldighet att ha skäliga anpassningsåtgärder samt att det utgör otillbörlig påverkan att neka medicinsk behandling.

Slutligen hade jag en analys där jag återigen diskuterade om ett oinformerat samtycke ska anses utgöra ett påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp. Jag diskuterade detta även i relation till vilka risker beslutsoförmögna tillåts ta. Slutligen använde jag en bro-metafor för att illustrera faran i att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens skyldigheter är otydliga och hur det skapas utrymme till personliga tolkningar. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Bennshagen, Thérèse LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Healthcare, Mental Capacity, Legal Capacity, Administrative Law, Social and Welfare Law, Public International Law
language
English
id
9046141
date added to LUP
2021-06-09 11:57:32
date last changed
2021-06-09 11:57:32
@misc{9046141,
  abstract     = {{This essay has two purposes: to examine how much the patient has to understand to be able to consent to medical treatment and what the healthcare personnel's obligations are when the consent is not informed. Regarding the first purpose I concluded that there is no explicit requirement of a certain mental capacity to consent but that if one considered an uninformed consent to constitute a forced bodily intervention, which is prohibited in Chapter 2 Section 6 Instrument of the Government, then medical treatment can be refused. 

Regarding the essay's second purpose I examined this both in relation to Swedish and international law. With Swedish law I, firstly, studied the healthcare personnel's obligations to provide a good, patient-oriented, care and care with equal opportunity. I concluded that since these obligations are vague it is unclear if the healthcare personnel would contravene these obligations if they refused to give medical treatment. Secondly, I examined if refusal to give medical treatment due to mental capacity could constitute discrimination and I studied this in relation to indirect discrimination and inadequate accessibility. I concluded that there are uncertainties if patients with reduced decision-making capabilities would be regarded as disabled within the meaning of DiskL. I also concluded that it could constitute indirect discrimination but that the refusal could be allowed if there was a risk of the patient being harmed. Additionally, I concluded that it was hard to assess if it could constitute inadequate accessibility, partly since one has to consider the financial and practical aspects, partly since it is unclear if individual adjustments are included. Secondly, I examined international law, specifically the ECHR and the CRPD. Regarding the ECHR I concluded that it is possible to claim that there has been an interference with the convention but that an individual assessment must be made. Regarding the CRPD I concluded that it would interfere with the right to legal capacity to refuse medical treatment. I also stated that Sweden has an obligation to provide reasonable accommodation and that it constitutes inappropriate influence to refuse medical treatment due to mental capacity. 

Lastly, I analysed and discussed, once again, if an uninformed consent could constitute a forced bodily intervention. I also discussed this issue in relation to what risks persons with reduced decision-making capabilities are allowed to take. Finally, by using a bridge-metaphor I illustrated the dangers of having unclear obligations for the healthcare personnel as it creates opportunity for personal interpretations.}},
  author       = {{Bennshagen, Thérèse}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Refusing Medical Treatment due to Mental Capacity - A Study of the Concept of a Valid Consent and What the Healthcare Personnel's Obligations are When the Patient has not Given an Informed Consent}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}