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Beskattning av den digitala ekonomin: Kan OECD leda vägen framåt? - En utredning av OECD:s förslag avseende Pillar One och Pillar Two.

Gustafsson, Nina LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Till följd av den digitala ekonomins framfart de senaste decennierna står det internationella skattesystemet inför flertalet stora utmaningar. De gällande principerna inom den internationella skatterätten har ställts på sin spets då nutidens företag i allt större utsträckning är digitala. Enligt principer inom den internationella skatterätten måste ett företag i dagsläget ha en grad av fysisk närvaro i en stat för att beskattning ska kunna aktualiseras. Ett företag är därmed enligt rådande regelverk beskattningsbart för sina inkomster i den stat där det har sin hemvist alternativt i en stat där det har ett fast driftställe. I det fall ett fast driftställe inte kan anses existera, och det inte går att fastställa ett fysiskt nexus, uteblir... (More)
Till följd av den digitala ekonomins framfart de senaste decennierna står det internationella skattesystemet inför flertalet stora utmaningar. De gällande principerna inom den internationella skatterätten har ställts på sin spets då nutidens företag i allt större utsträckning är digitala. Enligt principer inom den internationella skatterätten måste ett företag i dagsläget ha en grad av fysisk närvaro i en stat för att beskattning ska kunna aktualiseras. Ett företag är därmed enligt rådande regelverk beskattningsbart för sina inkomster i den stat där det har sin hemvist alternativt i en stat där det har ett fast driftställe. I det fall ett fast driftställe inte kan anses existera, och det inte går att fastställa ett fysiskt nexus, uteblir således beskattning. Utmaningarna som uppstått till följd av digitaliseringen utgörs bland annat av att företag kan skapa värde och generera vinster världen över utan att etablera någon fysisk närvaro i form av ett fast driftställe. Resultatet blir således att multinationella företag kan utnyttja luckorna som finns i det rådande skattesystemet och därmed bli föremål för en låg beskattning. För att kunna hantera utmaningarna som digitaliseringen har medfört har OECD tagit fram två förslag på hur den digitala ekonomin kan beskattas.

Uppsatsen syfte är utreda och analysera OECD:s förslag på beskattning av den digitala ekonomin bestående av Pillar One, som innebär införandet av en ny skatterättslig nexus samt nya vinstallokeringsregler, samt Pillar Two som presenterar en global minimumskatt. Vidare analyseras förslaget avseende Pillar One mot bakgrund av gällande regler i såväl OECD:s modellavtal som i svensk intern rätt avseende fast driftställe. Inom ramen för uppsatsens syfte ryms även en kritisk diskussion angående förslagens rättsliga status i den svenska interna rätten samt en analys av Pillar One och Pillar Two i förhållande till gällande principer inom den internationella skatterätten.

Slutsatserna som dras är att det internationella skattesystemet är i behov av förändring för att kunna hantera de utmaningar som den digitala ekonomin har medfört. OECD:s förslag gällande Pillar One och Pillar Two är därmed ett första steg mot en förändring av det rådande regelverk. Hur förslagen mer specifikt kommer att påverka såväl den internationella samt interna rätten är desto svårare att dra några slutsatser om i nuläget, då OECD fortfarande har en lång väg kvar vad gäller förslagens innehåll. En möjlig slutsats är att osäkerheten kring OECD:s produkters rättsliga status vid tolkning i den interna rätten kan tänkas bli större vid ett antagande av förslagen, då det i nuläget är oklart vilket rättskällevärde sådant material ska tillämpas i den svenska interna rätten. Vidare har det riktats kritik mot att Pillar One kan komma att missgynna mindre marknadsläder till förmån för större marknadsjurisdiktioner. OECD:s framtida arbete med Pillar One kan därmed komma att stöta på patrull och istället närma sig lösningen som presenterats i Pillar Two. Det kan även kritiseras att länderna vid ett antagande av förslagen riskerar att överlåta en för stor makt till OECD avseende utformandet av staters nationella skattelagstiftningar och det finns därmed en risk att staters suveränitet på skatterättens område inskränks.

Sammanfattningsvis finns det ett behov av förändring vad gäller den internationella skatterätten till följd av de utmaningar som digitaliseringen har medfört. OECD:s förslag på beskattning av den digitala ekonomin är i nuläget långt ifrån färdigställda. Det får därmed antas att det kommer ta ytterligare tid för att nå konsensus bland medlemsländerna. Något som dock kan konstateras är att förändringar med största sannolikhet kommer att genomföras med utgångspunkt i OECD:s förslag för att skattesystemet ska vara bättre lämpat för att kunna hantera utmaningarna med den digitala ekonomin. (Less)
Abstract
Due to the progress of the digital economy over the last decades, the international tax system is now facing several substantial challenges. The current principles within international taxation law have consequently been pushed to their edge as a result of the digitalization of present-day companies. According to current principles within international tax law, enterprises must have a degree of physical presence in a state in order for taxation to be actualized. Therefore, a company is only taxable in the domicile state or in a state where the enterprise has a permanent establishment. In a situation where a permanent establishment is not considered to exist, and it is not possible to establish a physical nexus, taxation cannot be entailed... (More)
Due to the progress of the digital economy over the last decades, the international tax system is now facing several substantial challenges. The current principles within international taxation law have consequently been pushed to their edge as a result of the digitalization of present-day companies. According to current principles within international tax law, enterprises must have a degree of physical presence in a state in order for taxation to be actualized. Therefore, a company is only taxable in the domicile state or in a state where the enterprise has a permanent establishment. In a situation where a permanent establishment is not considered to exist, and it is not possible to establish a physical nexus, taxation cannot be entailed on the business. Therefore, one of the challenges that have arisen due to the digitalization is that companies can create value and generate income all over the world without establishing any physical presence in the form of a permanent establishment in states. As a result, multinational enterprises are able to take advantage of the blanks that exist in the current tax system and become subject to a low taxation. In order to be better suited to manage the challenges that have arisen from the digitalization, the OECD has presented two proposals on how the digital economy could be taxed.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyze the OECD’s proposals for taxation of the digital economy. The OECD’s proposals consist of Pillar One, which introduces a new nexus rule as well as new rules for reallocation of residual profits, and Pillar Two, which presents the introduction of a global minimum tax. Furthermore, the proposal concerning Pillar One is analyzed in the light of current rules regarding permanent establishment within the OECD’s model tax convention and in Swedish domestic law. The purpose of this thesis also contains a critical discussion regarding the proposals’ legal status in Swedish law as well as an analysis of Pillar One and Pillar Two in relation to current principles within international tax law.

One conclusion is that the international tax system is in need of change in order to be better suited to manage the challenges that have arisen due to the digitalization of the economy. The OECD’s proposals consisting of Pillar One and Pillar Two therefore signalize a first step towards a reformation of the current framework. However, the more precise effects that the proposals might have on international as well as domestic law are currently hard do predict, as the OECD still has a long way to go in regard to the content of the proposals. Due to the fact that it is currently unclear what source of value OECD’s products shall be credited in the Swedish domestic law, one possible outcome, if the proposals are adopted, is that the uncertainty regarding their status in the legal interpretation of domestic law may increase. Furthermore, Pillar One has been subject to criticism as it could risk disfavoring smaller market jurisdictions to be in favor of larger market jurisdictions. The future of the OECD’s continued work with Pillar One may therefore be jeopardized and the organization could thereby choose to move forward with the solution that Pillar Two presents instead. Furthermore, it can be criticized that the member states, if the proposals are adopted, could give the OECD too much power as it would increase the organization’s involvement in states’ domestic tax legislations. This could result in a risk that the states’ sovereignty in the field of taxation law is restricted by the OECD.

In summary, it can be stated that there is a need for change in the current international tax system due to the challenges that have arisen from the digitalization. The OECD’s proposals regarding taxation of the digital economy are currently far from complete. Therefore, it can be assumed that it requires additional time in order for consensus to be reached amongst the member states of the OECD. However, it can be stated that changes most likely will be executed based on the proposals of the OECD, in order for the international tax system to be better suited in managing the challenges of the digital economy. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustafsson, Nina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Taxation of the Digital Economy: Can the OECD lead the way forward? - An examination of the OECD's proposals concerning Pillar One and Pillar Two.
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, internationell beskattning, digitala ekonomin, OECD, fast driftställe, Pillar One, Pillar Two
language
Swedish
id
9046159
date added to LUP
2021-06-15 22:08:36
date last changed
2021-06-15 22:08:36
@misc{9046159,
  abstract     = {{Due to the progress of the digital economy over the last decades, the international tax system is now facing several substantial challenges. The current principles within international taxation law have consequently been pushed to their edge as a result of the digitalization of present-day companies. According to current principles within international tax law, enterprises must have a degree of physical presence in a state in order for taxation to be actualized. Therefore, a company is only taxable in the domicile state or in a state where the enterprise has a permanent establishment. In a situation where a permanent establishment is not considered to exist, and it is not possible to establish a physical nexus, taxation cannot be entailed on the business. Therefore, one of the challenges that have arisen due to the digitalization is that companies can create value and generate income all over the world without establishing any physical presence in the form of a permanent establishment in states. As a result, multinational enterprises are able to take advantage of the blanks that exist in the current tax system and become subject to a low taxation. In order to be better suited to manage the challenges that have arisen from the digitalization, the OECD has presented two proposals on how the digital economy could be taxed. 

The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyze the OECD’s proposals for taxation of the digital economy. The OECD’s proposals consist of Pillar One, which introduces a new nexus rule as well as new rules for reallocation of residual profits, and Pillar Two, which presents the introduction of a global minimum tax. Furthermore, the proposal concerning Pillar One is analyzed in the light of current rules regarding permanent establishment within the OECD’s model tax convention and in Swedish domestic law. The purpose of this thesis also contains a critical discussion regarding the proposals’ legal status in Swedish law as well as an analysis of Pillar One and Pillar Two in relation to current principles within international tax law. 

One conclusion is that the international tax system is in need of change in order to be better suited to manage the challenges that have arisen due to the digitalization of the economy. The OECD’s proposals consisting of Pillar One and Pillar Two therefore signalize a first step towards a reformation of the current framework. However, the more precise effects that the proposals might have on international as well as domestic law are currently hard do predict, as the OECD still has a long way to go in regard to the content of the proposals. Due to the fact that it is currently unclear what source of value OECD’s products shall be credited in the Swedish domestic law, one possible outcome, if the proposals are adopted, is that the uncertainty regarding their status in the legal interpretation of domestic law may increase. Furthermore, Pillar One has been subject to criticism as it could risk disfavoring smaller market jurisdictions to be in favor of larger market jurisdictions. The future of the OECD’s continued work with Pillar One may therefore be jeopardized and the organization could thereby choose to move forward with the solution that Pillar Two presents instead. Furthermore, it can be criticized that the member states, if the proposals are adopted, could give the OECD too much power as it would increase the organization’s involvement in states’ domestic tax legislations. This could result in a risk that the states’ sovereignty in the field of taxation law is restricted by the OECD. 

In summary, it can be stated that there is a need for change in the current international tax system due to the challenges that have arisen from the digitalization. The OECD’s proposals regarding taxation of the digital economy are currently far from complete. Therefore, it can be assumed that it requires additional time in order for consensus to be reached amongst the member states of the OECD. However, it can be stated that changes most likely will be executed based on the proposals of the OECD, in order for the international tax system to be better suited in managing the challenges of the digital economy.}},
  author       = {{Gustafsson, Nina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Beskattning av den digitala ekonomin: Kan OECD leda vägen framåt? - En utredning av OECD:s förslag avseende Pillar One och Pillar Two.}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}