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AB 04 kap. 5 § 5 och processuella bördor: Den processrättsliga innebörden av entreprenörens garantiansvar i utförandeentreprenad

Åberg, Felicia LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
There is no legislation regulating B2B-construction contracts in Sweden. Such contracts are regulated by standard agreements, called General Regulations. The latest version of General Regulations for construction contracts is named AB 04.
Under the provision in AB 04 chapter 5 § 5 the contractor is responsible for errors appearing during the warranty period. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the provision in chapter 5 § 5 regulates the placement of procedural burdens between the parties.
The provision is followed by the following comment. “If the contractor is of the opinion that it is not responsible for the alleged error the contractor has to prove that the construction is performed in accordance with the contract or... (More)
There is no legislation regulating B2B-construction contracts in Sweden. Such contracts are regulated by standard agreements, called General Regulations. The latest version of General Regulations for construction contracts is named AB 04.
Under the provision in AB 04 chapter 5 § 5 the contractor is responsible for errors appearing during the warranty period. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the provision in chapter 5 § 5 regulates the placement of procedural burdens between the parties.
The provision is followed by the following comment. “If the contractor is of the opinion that it is not responsible for the alleged error the contractor has to prove that the construction is performed in accordance with the contract or that the alleged error on probable grounds is due to incorrect planning by the buyer, mismanagement, misuse or anything else attributable to the buyer.”
The provision in chapter 5 § 5 and the comment causes problems as for the interpretation and application. According to recent case law from the Swedish Supreme Court, the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and general principles of contract law play a certain role in interpretation of construction contracts. Under the Sale of Goods Act the seller bears the burden of proving discharge from liability. In legal literature this is described as being a “reversed burden of proof” due to a presumption. If the buyer succeeds in proving the existence of an error, this will be presumed to have existed at the time of the risk transfer.
The difference between the legal concept “error” in AB 04 and the corresponding legal concept in the Sale of Goods Act provides that a presumption like the one that reverses the burden of proof is not applicable to the current provision in AB 04. Under general principles in Swedish procedural law, the burden of proof can be placed on one or the other party based on whether facts establish liability or discharge from liability.
In the thesis, it is proposed that the burden of proof for the occurrence of an alleged error is placed on the buyer during the warranty period. The term “prove” in the comment to chapter 5 § 5 is not to be interpreted as a rule of evidentiary requirement, meaning that the burden of proving that the construction is performed in accordance with the contract is placed on the contractor.
The contractor bears the burden of proving circumstances discharging it from liability. In order to not be held liable, the contractor must refer to and prove that any error is caused by incorrect planning by the buyer, mismanagement, misuse or anything else attributable to the buyer. The contractor can also refute that the contract is not performed in accordance with the contact. However, from a procedural perspective, this does not imply any new facts. The buyer bears the burden of proving the existence of alleged error, i.e. that the construction is not performed in accordance with the contract. This interpretation of the provision in chap. 5 § 5 is neither obvious nor is it unproblematic.
The validity of agreements on the burden of proof is also discussed in the thesis. In Swedish procedural law, procedural agreements are invalid without legal support. There is no legal support for agreements on the burden of proof. However, agreements on the burden of proof are to be considered as civil law agreements and thus valid. This is especially true in cases such as the present, where the agreement does not connect to any civil law rule. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det saknas lagstiftning som reglerar entreprenader. Istället regleras entreprenader av standardavtal. Den senaste versionen av de etablerade ”allmänna bestämmelserna” för utförandeentreprenader heter Allmänna bestämmelser för byggnads-, anläggnings- och installationsentreprenader (AB 04).
Bestämmelsen i kap. 5 § 5 undersöks i uppsatsen. Enligt denna ansvarar entreprenören för fel i entreprenaden som framträder under garantitiden. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om och i så fall hur bestämmelsen i AB 04 kap. 5 § 5 reglerar åberops- och bevisbördans placering vid tvist om fel i entreprenad.
Till bestämmelsen finns följande kommentar tillfogad: ”Om entreprenören har uppfattningen att denne inte ansvarar för påtalat fel åligger det... (More)
Det saknas lagstiftning som reglerar entreprenader. Istället regleras entreprenader av standardavtal. Den senaste versionen av de etablerade ”allmänna bestämmelserna” för utförandeentreprenader heter Allmänna bestämmelser för byggnads-, anläggnings- och installationsentreprenader (AB 04).
Bestämmelsen i kap. 5 § 5 undersöks i uppsatsen. Enligt denna ansvarar entreprenören för fel i entreprenaden som framträder under garantitiden. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om och i så fall hur bestämmelsen i AB 04 kap. 5 § 5 reglerar åberops- och bevisbördans placering vid tvist om fel i entreprenad.
Till bestämmelsen finns följande kommentar tillfogad: ”Om entreprenören har uppfattningen att denne inte ansvarar för påtalat fel åligger det entreprenören att visa, att denne utfört entreprenaden kontraktsenligt eller göra sannolikt att det påtalade felet beror på felaktig projektering, vanvård, onormalt brukande eller annat som kan hänföras till beställaren.”
Bestämmelsen i kap. 5 § 5 med kommentar ger upphov till tolknings- och tillämpningsproblem. HD har i senare års praxis utvecklat en metod för tolkning av AB-avtalen, enligt vilken dispositiv rätt tillmäts stor betydelse. I den dispositiva rätt som gäller för entreprenadavtal bär säljaren åberops- och bevisbörda för ansvarsbefriande omständigheter. Det beskrivs i doktrinen som en omkastad bevisbörda till följd av en presumtion, där det av köparen påstådda felet presumeras föreligga vid tidpunkten för riskövergången, om köparen lyckas bevisa förekomsten av omständigheter som medför fel.
I uppsatsen konstateras att felbegreppet i AB 04 och felbegreppet i dispositiv rätt skiljer sig åt på ett sådant sätt att den presumtion som gäller i dispositiv rätt inte bör vara tillämplig på entreprenadavtal. Det finns därför anledning att falla tillbaka på allmänna processrättsliga principer för åberops- och bevisbördans placering, som att käranden har åberopsbörda för rättsgrundande omständigheter.
I uppsatsen föreslås att åberops- och bevisbördan för omständigheter som medför att entreprenaden är behäftad med fel placeras på beställaren även under garantitiden. Begreppet ”visa” i kommentaren till kap. 5 § 5 ska alltså inte tolkas som en beviskravsregel, med innebörden att bevisbördan för att entreprenaden är kontraktsenligt utförd ligger på entreprenören.
Entreprenören bär emellertid bevisbördan för ansvarsbefriande omständigheter och har att göra sannolikt att ett påstått fel beror på felaktig projektering, vanvård, onormalt brukande eller annat som kan hänföras till beställaren. Entreprenören kan också lägga fram bevisning som talar mot att entreprenaden är kontraktsenligt utförd. En slutsats i uppsatsen är att ett sådant åberopande dock inte medför åberopande av nya rättsfakta. Det är beställaren som bär åberops- och bevisbördan för de omständigheter som medför fel, dvs. att entreprenaden inte är kontraktsenligt utförd. Denna tolkning av bestämmelsen i kap. 5 § 5 är inte självklar och inte heller oproblematisk.
I uppsatsen diskuteras också giltigheten hos avtal om åberops- och bevisbördans placering. I svensk processrätt är processuella överenskommelser ogiltiga utan stöd i lag. Emellertid är avtal om åberops- och bevisbördans placering att betrakta som civilrättsliga och således giltiga. Det gäller särskilt i fall som det förevarande, där avtalet inte ansluter till någon civilrättsregel. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Åberg, Felicia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
AB 04 kap. 5 § 5 and procedural burdens: The procedural implication of liability for error that occur during the warranty period
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, civilprocessrätt, entreprenadrätt, åberopsbörda, bevisbörda, garantifel
language
Swedish
id
9046178
date added to LUP
2021-06-10 10:55:36
date last changed
2021-06-10 10:55:36
@misc{9046178,
  abstract     = {{There is no legislation regulating B2B-construction contracts in Sweden. Such contracts are regulated by standard agreements, called General Regulations. The latest version of General Regulations for construction contracts is named AB 04. 
Under the provision in AB 04 chapter 5 § 5 the contractor is responsible for errors appearing during the warranty period. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the provision in chapter 5 § 5 regulates the placement of procedural burdens between the parties.
The provision is followed by the following comment. “If the contractor is of the opinion that it is not responsible for the alleged error the contractor has to prove that the construction is performed in accordance with the contract or that the alleged error on probable grounds is due to incorrect planning by the buyer, mismanagement, misuse or anything else attributable to the buyer.” 
The provision in chapter 5 § 5 and the comment causes problems as for the interpretation and application. According to recent case law from the Swedish Supreme Court, the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and general principles of contract law play a certain role in interpretation of construction contracts. Under the Sale of Goods Act the seller bears the burden of proving discharge from liability. In legal literature this is described as being a “reversed burden of proof” due to a presumption. If the buyer succeeds in proving the existence of an error, this will be presumed to have existed at the time of the risk transfer. 
The difference between the legal concept “error” in AB 04 and the corresponding legal concept in the Sale of Goods Act provides that a presumption like the one that reverses the burden of proof is not applicable to the current provision in AB 04. Under general principles in Swedish procedural law, the burden of proof can be placed on one or the other party based on whether facts establish liability or discharge from liability.
In the thesis, it is proposed that the burden of proof for the occurrence of an alleged error is placed on the buyer during the warranty period. The term “prove” in the comment to chapter 5 § 5 is not to be interpreted as a rule of evidentiary requirement, meaning that the burden of proving that the construction is performed in accordance with the contract is placed on the contractor. 
The contractor bears the burden of proving circumstances discharging it from liability. In order to not be held liable, the contractor must refer to and prove that any error is caused by incorrect planning by the buyer, mismanagement, misuse or anything else attributable to the buyer. The contractor can also refute that the contract is not performed in accordance with the contact. However, from a procedural perspective, this does not imply any new facts. The buyer bears the burden of proving the existence of alleged error, i.e. that the construction is not performed in accordance with the contract. This interpretation of the provision in chap. 5 § 5 is neither obvious nor is it unproblematic. 
The validity of agreements on the burden of proof is also discussed in the thesis. In Swedish procedural law, procedural agreements are invalid without legal support. There is no legal support for agreements on the burden of proof. However, agreements on the burden of proof are to be considered as civil law agreements and thus valid. This is especially true in cases such as the present, where the agreement does not connect to any civil law rule.}},
  author       = {{Åberg, Felicia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{AB 04 kap. 5 § 5 och processuella bördor: Den processrättsliga innebörden av entreprenörens garantiansvar i utförandeentreprenad}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}