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Bibehållen skattesuveränitet eller överstatligt klimatsamarbete? - En studie av den svenska koldioxidskatten respektive ETS och rättsliga förutsättningar för, samt Sveriges politiska förhållningssätt till, en europeisk koldioxidskatt

Sanded, Erik LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Av rättsutredningar framgår att det finns stora likheter mellan den svenska koldioxidskatten och den europeiska handeln med utsläppsrätter. Särskilt deras funktioner som klimatpolitiska åtgärder i syfte att minska utsläpp av koldioxid utgör en gedigen grund för jämförelse, vilken är en utgångspunkt för uppsatsen. När ETS därutöver fyller en finansierande funktion för EU:s långtidsbudget, medan den svenska koldioxidskatten kvarstår som primärt en utsläppsminskningsåtgärd, väcks frågor av fiskal karaktär. Författarens slutsatser består för det första i att ETS som finansierande medel går längre än den svenska koldioxidskatten, trots att sådana medel traditionellt associeras med skatter. För det andra har Sverige, i och med accepterandet av... (More)
Av rättsutredningar framgår att det finns stora likheter mellan den svenska koldioxidskatten och den europeiska handeln med utsläppsrätter. Särskilt deras funktioner som klimatpolitiska åtgärder i syfte att minska utsläpp av koldioxid utgör en gedigen grund för jämförelse, vilken är en utgångspunkt för uppsatsen. När ETS därutöver fyller en finansierande funktion för EU:s långtidsbudget, medan den svenska koldioxidskatten kvarstår som primärt en utsläppsminskningsåtgärd, väcks frågor av fiskal karaktär. Författarens slutsatser består för det första i att ETS som finansierande medel går längre än den svenska koldioxidskatten, trots att sådana medel traditionellt associeras med skatter. För det andra har Sverige, i och med accepterandet av ETS numera fiskala funktion, i praktiken godkänt överlåtande av ytterligare finansmakt åt EU.

Steget till att därefter tolerera, eller till och med verka för, en överstatlig koldioxidskatt undersöks i texten. Mot bakgrund av konstaterandena ovan samt Sveriges önskan om ett långtgående och fördjupat internationellt klimatarbete där samarbete på EU-nivå särskilt lyfts fram, är författarens slutsats att steget mot en sådan skatt bör vara nära förestående. Det svenska motståndet mot densamma är emellertid kompakt.

Ur EU:s primärrätt, och svensk konstitutionell rätt, söks efter möjligheten att införa en europeisk koldioxidskatt genom lagstiftning i form av antingen harmonisering via direktiv eller koldioxidbeskattning med gemensam uppbörd. Trots att uppsatsens definition av en koldioxidskatt är i enlighet med det sistnämnda alternativet, berörs båda delar. Regeringsformen tycks inte utgöra något hinder och i art. 192.2 och art. 113 FEUF respektive art. 48.7 EUF finns tydligt stöd på EU-nivå. Vidare tar EU-kommissionen vid ett flertal tillfällen fasta på dessa skrivelser i fördragen och lägger konkreta förslag på en unionsgemensam koldioxidskatt alternativt ändring av kravet på enhällighet vid omröstning i ministerrådet gällande skattefrågor. Ministerrådet är nämligen splittrat medan EU-parlamentet framstår som klimatpolitiskt progressivt. Detta samtidigt som befolkningen i Sverige inte utesluter möjligheten att införa skatter på EU -eller annan överstatlig nivå, särskilt ifråga om klimatskatter.

Genom tillvägagångssätt med inslag av såväl EU-rättslig och komparativ, som rättsanalytisk och rättsdogmatisk metod, besvaras uppsatsens frågeställningar. I och med detta tillvägagångssätt, som även inkluderar en samhällsvetenskaplig metod och utförligt redogörs för nedan, undersöks även Sveriges motstånd. Avslutningsvis fastslås att den svenska kritiken mot en koldioxidskatt på EU-nivå främst tycks vara politisk. Det får å ena sidan anses logiskt följa av en närmast enig partiflora och väl spegla dess åsikter i frågan. Å andra sidan kan detta anses gå emot dels logisk slutledning utifrån uppställda premisser, dels befolkningens uppfattning enligt vissa undersökningar. I förhållande till dessa slutsatser gör författaren även några framåtblickande reflektioner i uppsatsens sista del. Därutöver blottläggs Sveriges ambivalenta roll i ett EU med fördjupad integration som mål i sig i och med denna studie om motsättningen mellan bibehållen skattesuveränitet och överstatligt klimatarbete. (Less)
Abstract
Judicial inquiries show great similarities between the Swedish carbon tax and the European emission trading system. As important climate policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions, they constitute a solid ground for comparison which is an essential part of this thesis. When the purpose of ETS is gradually extended now serving as a budget financing source at an EU level whereas the Swedish carbon tax remains mainly a means of reducing emissions, fiscal questions arise. Firstly, the author concludes that the ETS in this function to a larger extent than the Swedish carbon tax is a financing tool, even though such a tool is traditionally associated with taxes. Secondly, in tolerating the ETS’ new function, Sweden accepts further... (More)
Judicial inquiries show great similarities between the Swedish carbon tax and the European emission trading system. As important climate policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions, they constitute a solid ground for comparison which is an essential part of this thesis. When the purpose of ETS is gradually extended now serving as a budget financing source at an EU level whereas the Swedish carbon tax remains mainly a means of reducing emissions, fiscal questions arise. Firstly, the author concludes that the ETS in this function to a larger extent than the Swedish carbon tax is a financing tool, even though such a tool is traditionally associated with taxes. Secondly, in tolerating the ETS’ new function, Sweden accepts further authority of financial matters being handed over to the EU at the expense of its own fiscal sovereignty as a member state.

The prospects of proceeding towards acceptance of, or even promoting, a supranational carbon tax is investigated. With regards to the conclusions drawn above, in combination with Sweden’s ambitions of pursuing international climate initiatives where cooperation at EU-level is stressed, the author concludes that such a tax could be imminent. However, Sweden’s resistance towards this tax is thorough.

In the treaties of the EU as well as in Swedish constitutional law, the possibilities of introducing a European carbon tax by legislation in terms of either a minimum level through directive or common taxation, is searched for. Even though the definition of a carbon dioxide tax in present thesis is in accordance with the latter, both possibilities are discussed. No obstacles seem to be present in the Swedish Instrument of Government and in art. 192.2 and art. 113 TFEU as well as art. 48.7 TEU there is legal ground for such a policy. With support from these treaties the European Commission has, furthermore, proposed common taxation at numerous of times and in different ways. Also, changes in the electoral requirement from unity to a qualified majority in the Council of the European union regarding questions of taxation has been suggested. The council in matter is divided whereas the EU parliament is regarded as progressive in terms of climate policies. Meanwhile, the population of Sweden does not seem to disregard the possibility of introducing taxes at an EU level or even globally. This being the case in regards of taxes aimed at reducing emissions that cause climate change.

Necessary performed legal research contains a systematic approach on analytical and comparative law, as well as an EU and a legal dogmatic method respectively. By this performance, which also includes a scientific method and is thoroughly described in chapter one, the thesis’ research questions are answered. In doing so, the Swedish government’s resistance is also examined. To conclude, this reluctance is foremost of a political nature. On the one hand, this could be deemed logical since what is close to an unanimity among the political parties represented in the parliament reflects this view. On the other hand, there is a discrepancy between this view and what is logically concluded according to the parties’ own premises, as well as the population’s opinion according to recent studies. Thus, the unwillingness to accept taxation at an EU level could be considered illogical. Upon these conclusions, the author then presents his own reflections in the very last chapter. Finally, this thesis on the topic of arisen contradictions between tax sovereignty and supranational political climate action exposes the ambivalent position taken by Sweden as a member state towards a European Union whose per se political goal is deepened integration. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sanded, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Maintained tax sovereignty or supranational climate cooperation? - A study of the Swedish carbon tax and the ETS and legal prerequisites for, as well as Sweden’s political stance on, a European carbon tax
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, EU-rätt, EU law, Koldioxidskatt, Emission Trading System (ETS), Internationell beskattning
language
Swedish
id
9046388
date added to LUP
2021-06-19 09:39:46
date last changed
2021-06-19 09:39:46
@misc{9046388,
  abstract     = {{Judicial inquiries show great similarities between the Swedish carbon tax and the European emission trading system. As important climate policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions, they constitute a solid ground for comparison which is an essential part of this thesis. When the purpose of ETS is gradually extended now serving as a budget financing source at an EU level whereas the Swedish carbon tax remains mainly a means of reducing emissions, fiscal questions arise. Firstly, the author concludes that the ETS in this function to a larger extent than the Swedish carbon tax is a financing tool, even though such a tool is traditionally associated with taxes. Secondly, in tolerating the ETS’ new function, Sweden accepts further authority of financial matters being handed over to the EU at the expense of its own fiscal sovereignty as a member state.

The prospects of proceeding towards acceptance of, or even promoting, a supranational carbon tax is investigated. With regards to the conclusions drawn above, in combination with Sweden’s ambitions of pursuing international climate initiatives where cooperation at EU-level is stressed, the author concludes that such a tax could be imminent. However, Sweden’s resistance towards this tax is thorough. 

In the treaties of the EU as well as in Swedish constitutional law, the possibilities of introducing a European carbon tax by legislation in terms of either a minimum level through directive or common taxation, is searched for. Even though the definition of a carbon dioxide tax in present thesis is in accordance with the latter, both possibilities are discussed. No obstacles seem to be present in the Swedish Instrument of Government and in art. 192.2 and art. 113 TFEU as well as art. 48.7 TEU there is legal ground for such a policy. With support from these treaties the European Commission has, furthermore, proposed common taxation at numerous of times and in different ways. Also, changes in the electoral requirement from unity to a qualified majority in the Council of the European union regarding questions of taxation has been suggested. The council in matter is divided whereas the EU parliament is regarded as progressive in terms of climate policies. Meanwhile, the population of Sweden does not seem to disregard the possibility of introducing taxes at an EU level or even globally. This being the case in regards of taxes aimed at reducing emissions that cause climate change. 

Necessary performed legal research contains a systematic approach on analytical and comparative law, as well as an EU and a legal dogmatic method respectively. By this performance, which also includes a scientific method and is thoroughly described in chapter one, the thesis’ research questions are answered. In doing so, the Swedish government’s resistance is also examined. To conclude, this reluctance is foremost of a political nature. On the one hand, this could be deemed logical since what is close to an unanimity among the political parties represented in the parliament reflects this view. On the other hand, there is a discrepancy between this view and what is logically concluded according to the parties’ own premises, as well as the population’s opinion according to recent studies. Thus, the unwillingness to accept taxation at an EU level could be considered illogical. Upon these conclusions, the author then presents his own reflections in the very last chapter. Finally, this thesis on the topic of arisen contradictions between tax sovereignty and supranational political climate action exposes the ambivalent position taken by Sweden as a member state towards a European Union whose per se political goal is deepened integration.}},
  author       = {{Sanded, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bibehållen skattesuveränitet eller överstatligt klimatsamarbete? - En studie av den svenska koldioxidskatten respektive ETS och rättsliga förutsättningar för, samt Sveriges politiska förhållningssätt till, en europeisk koldioxidskatt}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}