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Management buyouts - En utredning av aktieägarskyddet vid management buyouts

Eriksson Oppliger, Fredrik LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
It is common that takeover bids trigger various legal issues, but there are few types of takeover bids that raise as extensive legal issues as management buyouts. A management buyout is a type of acquisition in which board members or senior executives purchase the shares of their employer or principal.

The problem with management buyouts is that on the one hand, the board members and senior executives have an obligation to place the interest of their firm’s shareholders above their personal interests, while on the other hand, the board members and executives are acquiring the business from those very shareholders and stand to benefit from doing so on as favourable terms as possible. Thus, there is a conflict of interest between the... (More)
It is common that takeover bids trigger various legal issues, but there are few types of takeover bids that raise as extensive legal issues as management buyouts. A management buyout is a type of acquisition in which board members or senior executives purchase the shares of their employer or principal.

The problem with management buyouts is that on the one hand, the board members and senior executives have an obligation to place the interest of their firm’s shareholders above their personal interests, while on the other hand, the board members and executives are acquiring the business from those very shareholders and stand to benefit from doing so on as favourable terms as possible. Thus, there is a conflict of interest between the parties of the transaction.

What distinguishes management buyouts compared to ordinary takeover transactions is that board members and senior executives, due to the fact they work in the target company, have an information advantage compared with the shareholders. Depending on how extensive the information advantage is, it can be used to influence the value of the company. This can be done, for example, by postponing investments until after the acquisition has been completed or by using earnings management techniques such as increased write-downs and changed accruals. Thus, in the light of the prevailing conflict of interest, board members and senior executives may transfer value from the shareholders to themselves by utilizing the information advantage.

The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the current regulation ensures that board members and senior executives are prevented from acting opportunistically towards the shareholders. In addition, this paper provides suggestions on how the regulations could be improved to better deal with opportunistic behaviour.

This paper concludes that third-party bidders will not compete away board members’ and senior executives’ ability to behave opportunistically. Therefore, there is a need to regulate management buyouts. The main regulation aimed to solve the conflict of interest is that board members and senior executives are banned from participating in the decision-making process within the target company. Removing the tainted individual partially sanitizes the acquisition from the conflict of interest, but the ban does not take effect until the announcement of the offer, which means that the individual can act opportunistically until the offer is announced. The information advantage is primarily addressed by imposing an obligation on the target company to obtain and publish a fairness opinion. This paper concludes that the fairness opinion can be suitable for addressing the information advantage. However, its weakness is that the accuracy of the fairness opinion depends on the fact that the information on which it is based is both comprehensive and accurate. With regard to the conflict of interest, it is not in the interest of board members and senior executives to be transparent towards the person responsible for drafting the fairness opinion, which means that the fairness opinion may not reflect the company’s true potential.

In summary, this paper concludes that there is a need to strengthen the regulations in order to address the board members’ and senior executives’ ability to behave opportunistically. This applies in particular to the information advantage as it is primarily used to achieve a transfer of value from the shareholders to the board members and senior executives. One of the suggested solutions is to increase the disclosure obligations e.g., board members and senior executives must explain why the takeover bid is being undertaken at the given time and present their data for the valuation. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det är vanligt att uppköp aktualiserar olika rättsliga problem, men det är få uppköp som aktualiserar lika omfattande rättslig problematik som management buyouts. En management buyout är en form av uppköp där styrelseledamot eller ledande befattningshavare är med och köper aktierna i sin arbets- respektive uppdragsgivare.

Styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare har en skyldighet att främja bolagets intresse, vilket i förlängningen jämställs med aktieägarnas intresse. Ett av problemen som uppstår vid management buyouts är att samtidigt som styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare ska främja aktieägarnas intresse, så har dessa egna intressen av att genomföra uppköpet till så förmånliga villkor som möjligt. Således finns det en... (More)
Det är vanligt att uppköp aktualiserar olika rättsliga problem, men det är få uppköp som aktualiserar lika omfattande rättslig problematik som management buyouts. En management buyout är en form av uppköp där styrelseledamot eller ledande befattningshavare är med och köper aktierna i sin arbets- respektive uppdragsgivare.

Styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare har en skyldighet att främja bolagets intresse, vilket i förlängningen jämställs med aktieägarnas intresse. Ett av problemen som uppstår vid management buyouts är att samtidigt som styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare ska främja aktieägarnas intresse, så har dessa egna intressen av att genomföra uppköpet till så förmånliga villkor som möjligt. Således finns det en tydlig intressekonflikt mellan parterna i uppköpet.

Det som skiljer management buyouts från vanliga uppköp är att styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare har, på grund av att dessa är verksamma i målbolaget, ett informationsövertag gentemot aktieägarna. Beroende på hur stort informationsövertaget är kan det användas för att påverka bolagsvärdet. Detta kan exempelvis ske genom att skjuta upp investeringar till efter uppköpet är genomfört eller genom att använda redovisningsmässiga tekniker såsom ökade nedskrivningar och ändrade periodiseringar. Alltså kan styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare, mot bakgrund av intressekonflikten som råder, överföra värden från aktieägarna till sig själva genom att utnyttja informationsövertaget.

Med utgångspunkt i bolags- och aktiemarknadsrätten utreds det i uppsatsen hur ovanstående problem hanteras i den svenska regleringen. Den primära frågeställningen i uppsatsen är om den nuvarande regleringen säkerställer att styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare inte kan agera opportunistiskt gentemot aktieägarna. Därutöver ges också förslag på hur regleringen skulle kunna förbättras.

I uppsatsen konstateras det att marknaden på egen hand inte klarar av att avhjälpa problematiken vid management buyouts, utan det finns behov av en reglering. Den huvudsakliga regleringen som syftar till att åtgärda intressekonflikten är att styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare inte får delta i handläggningen av uppköpserbjudandet för målbolagets räkning. Regleringen reducerar delvis styrelseledamots och ledande befattningshavares möjlighet att agera opportunistiskt, men handläggningsförbudet inträder först i samband med att erbjudandet offentliggörs. Detta medför att individerna kan agera opportunistiskt fram tills offentliggörandet. Informationsövertaget hanteras primärt genom att målbolaget åläggs en skyldighet att inhämta och offentliggöra ett värderingsutlåtande. I uppsatsen konstateras det att värderingsutlåtandet i grunden är en bra lösning för att utjämna informationsövertaget, men svagheten är att det är beroende av att informationen som det baseras på både är heltäckande och korrekt. Med hänsyn till intressekonflikten är det inte i styrelseledamots och ledande befattningshavares intresse att vara transparent mot värderingsmannen, vilket medför att värderingsintyget riskerar att inte återspegla bolagets potential.

Sammanfattningsvis konstateras det i uppsatsen att det finns ett behov av att stärka regleringen för att stävja den särskilda problematik som uppkommer vid denna typ av uppköp. I synnerhet gäller det informationsövertaget eftersom det främst utnyttjas för att åstadkomma en överföring av värde från aktieägarna till styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare. En av lösningarna som föreslås är utökade informationsförpliktelser. Till exempel inkluderar dessa att styrelseledamot och ledande befattningshavare måste förklara varför uppköpserbjudandet företas vid den aktuella tidpunkten och redovisa sina värderingsunderlag. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Eriksson Oppliger, Fredrik LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
associationsrätt, aktiemarknadsrätt, management buyouts
language
Swedish
id
9046446
date added to LUP
2021-06-21 07:52:14
date last changed
2021-06-21 07:52:14
@misc{9046446,
  abstract     = {{It is common that takeover bids trigger various legal issues, but there are few types of takeover bids that raise as extensive legal issues as management buyouts. A management buyout is a type of acquisition in which board members or senior executives purchase the shares of their employer or principal. 

The problem with management buyouts is that on the one hand, the board members and senior executives have an obligation to place the interest of their firm’s shareholders above their personal interests, while on the other hand, the board members and executives are acquiring the business from those very shareholders and stand to benefit from doing so on as favourable terms as possible. Thus, there is a conflict of interest between the parties of the transaction. 

What distinguishes management buyouts compared to ordinary takeover transactions is that board members and senior executives, due to the fact they work in the target company, have an information advantage compared with the shareholders. Depending on how extensive the information advantage is, it can be used to influence the value of the company. This can be done, for example, by postponing investments until after the acquisition has been completed or by using earnings management techniques such as increased write-downs and changed accruals. Thus, in the light of the prevailing conflict of interest, board members and senior executives may transfer value from the shareholders to themselves by utilizing the information advantage. 

The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the current regulation ensures that board members and senior executives are prevented from acting opportunistically towards the shareholders. In addition, this paper provides suggestions on how the regulations could be improved to better deal with opportunistic behaviour. 

This paper concludes that third-party bidders will not compete away board members’ and senior executives’ ability to behave opportunistically. Therefore, there is a need to regulate management buyouts. The main regulation aimed to solve the conflict of interest is that board members and senior executives are banned from participating in the decision-making process within the target company. Removing the tainted individual partially sanitizes the acquisition from the conflict of interest, but the ban does not take effect until the announcement of the offer, which means that the individual can act opportunistically until the offer is announced. The information advantage is primarily addressed by imposing an obligation on the target company to obtain and publish a fairness opinion. This paper concludes that the fairness opinion can be suitable for addressing the information advantage. However, its weakness is that the accuracy of the fairness opinion depends on the fact that the information on which it is based is both comprehensive and accurate. With regard to the conflict of interest, it is not in the interest of board members and senior executives to be transparent towards the person responsible for drafting the fairness opinion, which means that the fairness opinion may not reflect the company’s true potential. 

In summary, this paper concludes that there is a need to strengthen the regulations in order to address the board members’ and senior executives’ ability to behave opportunistically. This applies in particular to the information advantage as it is primarily used to achieve a transfer of value from the shareholders to the board members and senior executives. One of the suggested solutions is to increase the disclosure obligations e.g., board members and senior executives must explain why the takeover bid is being undertaken at the given time and present their data for the valuation.}},
  author       = {{Eriksson Oppliger, Fredrik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Management buyouts - En utredning av aktieägarskyddet vid management buyouts}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}