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Enlargement of the European Union: An examination of the criteria for accession in light of the Union’s objectives

Öhnström, Iris LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Enlargement, the process whereby countries join the European Union (EU), has had a key role in the Union’s development. Since its founding, the EU has grown from six to twenty-seven Member States, in a total of seven enlargement rounds. Currently, five countries are candidates for membership: Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Turkey. Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates.

To be eligible for membership, the country must meet the conditions laid down in Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union. It provides that any European state which respects the EU’s values and is committed to promoting them can apply to become a member. In addition, the candidate state must meet a set of political,... (More)
Enlargement, the process whereby countries join the European Union (EU), has had a key role in the Union’s development. Since its founding, the EU has grown from six to twenty-seven Member States, in a total of seven enlargement rounds. Currently, five countries are candidates for membership: Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Turkey. Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates.

To be eligible for membership, the country must meet the conditions laid down in Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union. It provides that any European state which respects the EU’s values and is committed to promoting them can apply to become a member. In addition, the candidate state must meet a set of political, economic and legal conditions commonly known as the Copenhagen criteria before it can accede.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the criteria for accession, in order to determine whether the EU’s approach to enlargement is effective in light of the Union’s aims and objectives. The focus lies on the political accession criteria, which require the state to have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. Using a combination of legal dogmatic and EU legal method, the thesis studies the development and application of the criteria during past and ongoing enlargement processes.

It is concluded that the EU’s approach to enlargement is lacking in several regards. It has been unable to ensure adherence to the Union’s values, which has become an issue post-accession in several EU Member States. Due to the close legal ties within the Union, this threatens the functioning of mutual trust mechanisms, which are an essential to achieving key EU objectives such as the internal market and the Area of Freedom and Justice.

The problems with enlargement can partly be credited to the inconsistent and incoherent application of the accession criteria, caused by the complex enlargement procedure and the inherent vagueness of the criteria themselves.
Many of the issues have remained in the ongoing enlargement process, and there has been an inability to ensure the reforms necessary for the current candidate states to accede. This has resulted in a lack of credibility of the EU’s approach to enlargement, which may further destabilize an already troubled region. That could in turn affect the achievement of fundamental EU objectives of peace and security. It is therefore concluded that the EU’s approach to enlargement is not effective in light of the Union’s aims. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Den process där nya länder går med Europeiska unionen (EU) kallas utvidgning. Det har haft en central roll i unionens utveckling. Sedan grundandet har EU vuxit från sex till tjugosju medlemsländer, under totalt sju utvidgningsomgångar. För närvarande är fem länder kandidater för medlemskap: Montenegro, Serbien, Albanien, Nordmakedonien och Turkiet. Kosovo och Bosnien och Hercegovina är potentiella kandidatländer.

För att ansöka om medlemskap måste ett land uppfylla de villkor som anges i Artikel 49 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionen. Bestämmelsen anger att varje europeisk stat som respekterar EU:s värden och som förbinder sig att främja dem får ansöka om att bli medlem. Utöver detta måste kandidatlandet uppfylla en uppsättning... (More)
Den process där nya länder går med Europeiska unionen (EU) kallas utvidgning. Det har haft en central roll i unionens utveckling. Sedan grundandet har EU vuxit från sex till tjugosju medlemsländer, under totalt sju utvidgningsomgångar. För närvarande är fem länder kandidater för medlemskap: Montenegro, Serbien, Albanien, Nordmakedonien och Turkiet. Kosovo och Bosnien och Hercegovina är potentiella kandidatländer.

För att ansöka om medlemskap måste ett land uppfylla de villkor som anges i Artikel 49 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionen. Bestämmelsen anger att varje europeisk stat som respekterar EU:s värden och som förbinder sig att främja dem får ansöka om att bli medlem. Utöver detta måste kandidatlandet uppfylla en uppsättning politiska, ekonomiska och administrativa anslutningskriterier, de så kallade Köpenhamnskriterierna.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att utreda om anslutningskriterierna och EU:s förhållningssätt till utvidgning är effektiva i förhållande till Unionens övergripande mål. Fokus ligger på det politiska anslutningskriteriet, vilket innefattar krav på stabila institutioner som garanterar demokrati, rättsstatsprincipen, mänskliga rättigheter samt respekt för och skydd av minoriteter. Genom en kombination av rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod, studeras utvecklingen och tillämpningen av kriterierna under tidigare och pågående utvidgningsprocesser.

Den slutsats som dras är att EU:s förhållningssätt till utvidgning brister i flera avseenden. Det har inte lyckats säkerställas att Unionens värden efterlevs, vilket har blivit ett problem i flera medlemsländer. På grund av de nära juridiska banden inom EU hotar detta principen om ömsesidigt förtroende, som är väsentlig för uppfyllandet EU:s centrala mål om att etablera en inre marknad och ett område med frihet, säkerhet och rättvisa.

Problemen med tillgångagångssättet vid utvidgning kan delvis hänföras till inkonsekvent och osammanhängande tillämpning av anslutningskriterierna, vilket bland annat orsakats av anslutningsprocessens komplexitet och kriteriernas inneboende vaghet. Många av problemen har följt med i den nu pågående utvidgningsprocessen, och det har funnits en oförmåga att säkerställa de nödvändiga reformerna som krävs för att kandidatländerna ska kunna bli medlemmar. Detta har resulterat i en brist på trovärdighet för EU:s förhållningssätt till utvidgning, vilken kan riskera att ytterligare destabilisera en redan problemtyngd region. Det skulle i sin tur kunna påverka uppfyllandet av EU:s mål om fred och säkerhet. Därför dras slutsatsen att EU:s tillvägagångssätt vid utvidgning inte är effektivt med hänsyn till Unionens mål. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Öhnström, Iris LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU law, EU-rätt, Enlargement, Accession, Utvidgning
language
English
id
9046459
date added to LUP
2021-06-27 10:54:03
date last changed
2021-06-27 10:54:03
@misc{9046459,
  abstract     = {{Enlargement, the process whereby countries join the European Union (EU), has had a key role in the Union’s development. Since its founding, the EU has grown from six to twenty-seven Member States, in a total of seven enlargement rounds. Currently, five countries are candidates for membership: Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia and Turkey. Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates. 

To be eligible for membership, the country must meet the conditions laid down in Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union. It provides that any European state which respects the EU’s values and is committed to promoting them can apply to become a member. In addition, the candidate state must meet a set of political, economic and legal conditions commonly known as the Copenhagen criteria before it can accede.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the criteria for accession, in order to determine whether the EU’s approach to enlargement is effective in light of the Union’s aims and objectives. The focus lies on the political accession criteria, which require the state to have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. Using a combination of legal dogmatic and EU legal method, the thesis studies the development and application of the criteria during past and ongoing enlargement processes.

It is concluded that the EU’s approach to enlargement is lacking in several regards. It has been unable to ensure adherence to the Union’s values, which has become an issue post-accession in several EU Member States. Due to the close legal ties within the Union, this threatens the functioning of mutual trust mechanisms, which are an essential to achieving key EU objectives such as the internal market and the Area of Freedom and Justice. 

The problems with enlargement can partly be credited to the inconsistent and incoherent application of the accession criteria, caused by the complex enlargement procedure and the inherent vagueness of the criteria themselves. 
Many of the issues have remained in the ongoing enlargement process, and there has been an inability to ensure the reforms necessary for the current candidate states to accede. This has resulted in a lack of credibility of the EU’s approach to enlargement, which may further destabilize an already troubled region. That could in turn affect the achievement of fundamental EU objectives of peace and security. It is therefore concluded that the EU’s approach to enlargement is not effective in light of the Union’s aims.}},
  author       = {{Öhnström, Iris}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Enlargement of the European Union: An examination of the criteria for accession in light of the Union’s objectives}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}