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Adjudicating Climate Change: The Role of Human Rights Litigation in Climate Change Mitigation

Herlitz Bäckman, Miriam LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Over the last few decades, states have made a series of attempts to mitigate climate change through international agreements. Greenhouse gas emissions have kept rising, however, and are currently at record levels. This indicates that the international climate change regime has so far proven ineffective. With this in mind, litigants around the world have increasingly made use of human rights arguments as a way of compelling states to increase their mitigation efforts.

This study assesses the potential impact of this trend by analysing how human rights litigation has contributed to climate change mitigation to date. First, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the international climate change regime. Secondly, the study presents an... (More)
Over the last few decades, states have made a series of attempts to mitigate climate change through international agreements. Greenhouse gas emissions have kept rising, however, and are currently at record levels. This indicates that the international climate change regime has so far proven ineffective. With this in mind, litigants around the world have increasingly made use of human rights arguments as a way of compelling states to increase their mitigation efforts.

This study assesses the potential impact of this trend by analysing how human rights litigation has contributed to climate change mitigation to date. First, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the international climate change regime. Secondly, the study presents an overview and analysis of international, regional, and domestic cases as of May 2021 wherein human rights arguments have been made to compel states to undertake more mitigation action. Finally, the study identifies and analyses a number of key substantive and procedural factors that affect the justiciability of these claims.

The conclusion of this study is that human rights litigation has played an important role in terms of its contribution to climate change mitigation, but that there are several challenges to overcome before rights-based litigation can be employed in a broader context and establish clear obligations to mitigate climate change. Human rights litigation has so far resulted in direct regulatory changes to mitigation policies, increased public awareness on the issue, and an improved judicial understanding of key concepts relevant to this type of litigation. The study’s findings reveal that the substantive provisions contained within the core human rights treaties can be applied to the issue of climate change, meaning that the protective scope of human rights law extends to harm caused by climate change. Some domestic courts have, in addition, confirmed the existence of a human rights obligation to mitigate climate change. While the substantive human rights framework thus offers the potential to hold states accountable for a lack of mitigation action, many procedural hurdles remain. These include questions relating to standing, extraterritorial jurisdiction, attribution and causation, and the separation of powers. The existence of said procedural issues is evidence that, in its current form, the human rights system is insufficient in protecting against violations caused by climate change. Since it is widely accepted that climate change is the greatest threat to human rights globally, this study calls for judicial adaption and adjustment to account for the special conditions inherent to climate change and to properly deal with the existential threat that it represents. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Under de senaste decennierna har stater gjort flera försök att begränsa klimatförändringar genom internationella avtal. Trots detta har utsläppsnivåerna fortsatt öka och är idag rekordhöga, vilket tyder på att de internationella klimatavtalen hitintills varit ineffektiva. Som en följd av detta har individer och grupper i allt större utsträckning väckt talan och använt argument baserade på mänskliga rättigheter för att förmå stater att begränsa sina utsläpp.

Denna studie undersöker den potentiella effekten av denna trend genom att analysera i vilken utsträckning rättighetsbaserade tvister har bidragit till att begränsa klimatförändringar. Först utvärderas effekten av de befintliga internationella klimatavtalen. Därefter presenteras en... (More)
Under de senaste decennierna har stater gjort flera försök att begränsa klimatförändringar genom internationella avtal. Trots detta har utsläppsnivåerna fortsatt öka och är idag rekordhöga, vilket tyder på att de internationella klimatavtalen hitintills varit ineffektiva. Som en följd av detta har individer och grupper i allt större utsträckning väckt talan och använt argument baserade på mänskliga rättigheter för att förmå stater att begränsa sina utsläpp.

Denna studie undersöker den potentiella effekten av denna trend genom att analysera i vilken utsträckning rättighetsbaserade tvister har bidragit till att begränsa klimatförändringar. Först utvärderas effekten av de befintliga internationella klimatavtalen. Därefter presenteras en översikt och analys av internationella, regionala och nationella rättsfall fram till maj 2021 där argument med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter har framförts för att förmå stater att begränsa sina utsläpp. Slutligen identifieras och analyseras ett antal betydelsefulla materiella och processuella faktorer som påverkar möjligheten till rättslig prövning av dessa yrkanden.

Studien drar slutsatsen att rättighetsbaserade tvister har spelat en viktig roll när det kommer till att begränsa klimatförändringarna, men att många utmaningar kvarstår innan dessa tvister framgångsrikt kan användas i ett större sammanhang för att fastställa staters skyldigheter att minska sina utsläpp. Rättighetsbaserade tvister har än så länge resulterat i direkta lagändringar av klimatåtaganden, en ökad medvetenhet hos allmänheten kring frågan och en ökad förståelse för rättsliga begrepp som är relevanta för dessa tvister. Studiens resultat visar att de materiella bestämmelserna i de centrala rättighetsfördragen kan tillämpas på klimatfrågan, vilket betyder att tillämpningsområdet för rättighetsfördragen sträcker sig till skada orsakat av klimatförändringar. Några nationella domstolar har dessutom bekräftat att vissa bestämmelser i fördragen innefattar en skyldighet för stater att begränsa klimatförändringar. Även om det materiella ramverket därmed har potential för att hålla stater ansvariga för bristande klimatåtgärder, återstår många processuella utmaningar. Dessa inkluderar frågor om talerätt, extraterritoriell jurisdiktion, ansvar och orsakssamband, samt maktdelning. Förekomsten av nämnda utmaningar visar att människorättssystemet i sin nuvarande form är otillräckligt för att skydda människor mot kränkningar orsakade av klimatförändringar. Eftersom det är allmänt accepterat att klimatförändringar utgör det största hotet mot mänskliga rättigheter globalt, efterlyser denna studie rättslig förändring och anpassning för att ta hänsyn till klimatförändringarnas speciella omständigheter och för att hantera det existentiella hot som de utgör. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Herlitz Bäckman, Miriam LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
public international law, human rights, climate change, climate change litigation
language
English
id
9046493
date added to LUP
2021-06-22 08:51:06
date last changed
2021-06-22 10:44:40
@misc{9046493,
  abstract     = {{Over the last few decades, states have made a series of attempts to mitigate climate change through international agreements. Greenhouse gas emissions have kept rising, however, and are currently at record levels. This indicates that the international climate change regime has so far proven ineffective. With this in mind, litigants around the world have increasingly made use of human rights arguments as a way of compelling states to increase their mitigation efforts.

This study assesses the potential impact of this trend by analysing how human rights litigation has contributed to climate change mitigation to date. First, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the international climate change regime. Secondly, the study presents an overview and analysis of international, regional, and domestic cases as of May 2021 wherein human rights arguments have been made to compel states to undertake more mitigation action. Finally, the study identifies and analyses a number of key substantive and procedural factors that affect the justiciability of these claims. 

The conclusion of this study is that human rights litigation has played an important role in terms of its contribution to climate change mitigation, but that there are several challenges to overcome before rights-based litigation can be employed in a broader context and establish clear obligations to mitigate climate change. Human rights litigation has so far resulted in direct regulatory changes to mitigation policies, increased public awareness on the issue, and an improved judicial understanding of key concepts relevant to this type of litigation. The study’s findings reveal that the substantive provisions contained within the core human rights treaties can be applied to the issue of climate change, meaning that the protective scope of human rights law extends to harm caused by climate change. Some domestic courts have, in addition, confirmed the existence of a human rights obligation to mitigate climate change. While the substantive human rights framework thus offers the potential to hold states accountable for a lack of mitigation action, many procedural hurdles remain. These include questions relating to standing, extraterritorial jurisdiction, attribution and causation, and the separation of powers. The existence of said procedural issues is evidence that, in its current form, the human rights system is insufficient in protecting against violations caused by climate change. Since it is widely accepted that climate change is the greatest threat to human rights globally, this study calls for judicial adaption and adjustment to account for the special conditions inherent to climate change and to properly deal with the existential threat that it represents.}},
  author       = {{Herlitz Bäckman, Miriam}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Adjudicating Climate Change: The Role of Human Rights Litigation in Climate Change Mitigation}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}