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Riktade ränteavdragsregler de lege ferenda - En undersökning av de riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna i ljuset av Lexel-målet och hur de kan utformas för att inte strida mot EU-rätten

Christensson, Linus LU (2021) JURM02 20211
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med förevarande uppsats har varit att undersöka om 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsregler kan anses strida mot den EU-rättsliga etableringsfriheten genom att applicera de resonemang som EU-domstolen utvecklar i sitt förhandsavgörande till Lexel-målet. Vidare har syftet även varit att genom ett perspektiv de lege ferenda undersöka hur en riktad ränteavdragsregel kan utformas för att vara förenlig med EU-rätten.

År 2009 infördes efter förslag av Skatteverket regler som innebar begränsningar av rätten att göra avdrag för ränteutgifter. Bakgrunden till införandet av reglerna var att olika skatteplaneringsförfaranden som vidtagits inom en intressegemenskap blivit allt vanligare. Reglerna blev vid införandet, och även vid de... (More)
Syftet med förevarande uppsats har varit att undersöka om 2019 års riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsregler kan anses strida mot den EU-rättsliga etableringsfriheten genom att applicera de resonemang som EU-domstolen utvecklar i sitt förhandsavgörande till Lexel-målet. Vidare har syftet även varit att genom ett perspektiv de lege ferenda undersöka hur en riktad ränteavdragsregel kan utformas för att vara förenlig med EU-rätten.

År 2009 infördes efter förslag av Skatteverket regler som innebar begränsningar av rätten att göra avdrag för ränteutgifter. Bakgrunden till införandet av reglerna var att olika skatteplaneringsförfaranden som vidtagits inom en intressegemenskap blivit allt vanligare. Reglerna blev vid införandet, och även vid de lagändringar som företogs år 2013 och 2019, hårt kritiserade för att inte uppfylla grundläggande krav på rättssäkerhet genom oprecisa formuleringar. Kritiken har även bestått i att reglerna ansetts strida mot EU-rätten.

2013 års regler ställdes på sin spets i början av 2021, när EU-domstolen prövade reglernas förenlighet med EU-rätten. Det så kallade Lexel-målet gällde ränteavdrag för ett internt lån från ett franskt koncernbolag som det svenska bolaget Lexel AB hade nekats av Skatteverket. EU-domstolen ansåg att det inte var förenligt med etableringsfriheten att neka Lexel ränteavdrag med tillämpning av undantagsregeln till tioprocentsregeln i 2013 års ränteavdragsbegränsningsregler. Efter Lexel-målets avgörande har EU-kommissionen inlett ett överträdelseförfarande mot Sverige genom en formell underrättelse i vilken kommissionen förklarar att de anser att även 2019 års regler strider mot EU-rätten. Beroende på hur regeringen förhåller sig till kommissionens underrättelse, är en möjlig konsekvens av överträdelseförfarandet att nya ändringar av de svenska reglerna behöver genomföras.

I uppsatsen konstateras att det finns en stor risk att EU-domstolen även skulle finna att 2019 års regler står i strid med EU-rätten vid en tillämpning av dess argumentation från Lexel-målet. Trots att bestämmelserna snävades av vid lagändringen som företogs 2019 anser jag att det ändock föreligger en risk för att även de nuvarande reglerna är EU-rättsstridiga. Denna slutsats drar jag med hänsyn till att bestämmelsen inte uteslutande omfattar upplägg som uppkommit av rent fiktiva skäl, och att bestämmelserna fortfarande innehåller oprecisa formuleringar likt sina föregångare.

Vidare konstateras även att det vore klokt att förena de riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna med EU-rätten. Ett förslag som presenteras för hur reglerna kan utformas är att införa en definition av begreppet skatteförmån i syfte att göra bestämmelsen mer rättssäker och förutsebar. Ett möjligt tillvägagångssätt skulle också vara att tillämpa den definition av begreppet skatteförmån som anges i förarbetena till skatteflyktslagen. Ett annat förslag till lagstiftaren är att undersöka möjligheten att delvis medge avdrag för ränteavdrag om mottagaren av ränteinkomsten beskattas med en viss procentsats. (Less)
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate whether the 2019 interest deduction restriction rules can be considered incompatible with the freedom of establishment by applying the reasoning of the European Court of Justice developed in its preliminary ruling to the Lexel case. Furthermore, the purpose has also been to examine how an interest deduction restriction rule can be designed to be compatible with EU law through a perspective de lege ferenda.

In 2009, following a proposal by the Swedish Tax Agency, interest deduction restriction rules were introduced which entailed restrictions on the right to deduct interest expenses. The background to the introduction of the rules was that various tax planning procedures had been... (More)
The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate whether the 2019 interest deduction restriction rules can be considered incompatible with the freedom of establishment by applying the reasoning of the European Court of Justice developed in its preliminary ruling to the Lexel case. Furthermore, the purpose has also been to examine how an interest deduction restriction rule can be designed to be compatible with EU law through a perspective de lege ferenda.

In 2009, following a proposal by the Swedish Tax Agency, interest deduction restriction rules were introduced which entailed restrictions on the right to deduct interest expenses. The background to the introduction of the rules was that various tax planning procedures had been identified where companies issued intra-group loans to transfer profits to low-taxed countries through interest deductions mainly to obtain a significant tax benefit. The rules were heavily criticized for not meeting basic requirements for legal certainty through imprecise wording. The criticism has also been that the rules have been considered to be contrary to EU law.

The 2013 rules and their compatibility with EU law was tried by the European Court of Justice in early 2021. In the so-called Lexel case, the Swedish company Lexel AB had been denied an interest deduction for an internal loan from a French group company by the Swedish Tax Agency. The European Court of Justice ruled that it was not compatible with the freedom of establishment to deny Lexel interest deductions by applying the exception rule in the 2013 interest deduction restriction rules. Following the decision in the Lexel case, the European Commission has initiated an infringement procedure against Sweden through a formal notification in which the Commission declares that they believe that neither the 2019 rules are compatible with the freedom of establishment. Depending on how the Swedish government responds to the Commission's notification, a possible consequence of the infringement procedure is that new changes to the Swedish rules need to be implemented.

The thesis concludes that there is a significant risk that the European Court of Justice would also find the 2019 rules to be in conflict with EU law when applying its argumentation from the Lexel case. Despite the fact that the provisions were narrowed down when the law was amended in 2019, I believe that there is still a risk that the current rules are also incompatible with the freedom of establishment. I draw this conclusion in view of the fact that the provision does not exclusively cover schemes that have arisen for purely fictional reasons, and that the provisions still contain imprecise wordings similar to their predecessors.

Furthermore, it is also concluded that it would be wise to combine the targeted interest deduction restriction rules with EU law. A proposal presented in the conclusions for how the rules can be formulated is to introduce a definition of the concept of tax benefit in order to make the provision more legally certain and predictable. A possible approach would also be to apply the definition of the concept of tax benefit specified in the preparatory work for the Tax Evasion Act. Another proposal to the legislator is to examine the possibility of partially allowing deductions for interest deductions if the recipient of the interest income is taxed at a certain percentage. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Christensson, Linus LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Targeted interest deduction restriction rules de lege ferenda - An examination of the targeted interest deduction restriction rules in the light of the Lexel case and how they can be designed to be compatible with EU law
course
JURM02 20211
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, EU-rätt, Företagsekonomi, Freedom of establishment, Rule of reason, Ränteavdrag, Ränteavdragsregler, Ränteavdragsbegränsningar, Interest deduction
language
Swedish
id
9062453
date added to LUP
2021-09-06 09:36:11
date last changed
2021-09-06 09:36:11
@misc{9062453,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate whether the 2019 interest deduction restriction rules can be considered incompatible with the freedom of establishment by applying the reasoning of the European Court of Justice developed in its preliminary ruling to the Lexel case. Furthermore, the purpose has also been to examine how an interest deduction restriction rule can be designed to be compatible with EU law through a perspective de lege ferenda.

In 2009, following a proposal by the Swedish Tax Agency, interest deduction restriction rules were introduced which entailed restrictions on the right to deduct interest expenses. The background to the introduction of the rules was that various tax planning procedures had been identified where companies issued intra-group loans to transfer profits to low-taxed countries through interest deductions mainly to obtain a significant tax benefit. The rules were heavily criticized for not meeting basic requirements for legal certainty through imprecise wording. The criticism has also been that the rules have been considered to be contrary to EU law.

The 2013 rules and their compatibility with EU law was tried by the European Court of Justice in early 2021. In the so-called Lexel case, the Swedish company Lexel AB had been denied an interest deduction for an internal loan from a French group company by the Swedish Tax Agency. The European Court of Justice ruled that it was not compatible with the freedom of establishment to deny Lexel interest deductions by applying the exception rule in the 2013 interest deduction restriction rules. Following the decision in the Lexel case, the European Commission has initiated an infringement procedure against Sweden through a formal notification in which the Commission declares that they believe that neither the 2019 rules are compatible with the freedom of establishment. Depending on how the Swedish government responds to the Commission's notification, a possible consequence of the infringement procedure is that new changes to the Swedish rules need to be implemented.

The thesis concludes that there is a significant risk that the European Court of Justice would also find the 2019 rules to be in conflict with EU law when applying its argumentation from the Lexel case. Despite the fact that the provisions were narrowed down when the law was amended in 2019, I believe that there is still a risk that the current rules are also incompatible with the freedom of establishment. I draw this conclusion in view of the fact that the provision does not exclusively cover schemes that have arisen for purely fictional reasons, and that the provisions still contain imprecise wordings similar to their predecessors.

Furthermore, it is also concluded that it would be wise to combine the targeted interest deduction restriction rules with EU law. A proposal presented in the conclusions for how the rules can be formulated is to introduce a definition of the concept of tax benefit in order to make the provision more legally certain and predictable. A possible approach would also be to apply the definition of the concept of tax benefit specified in the preparatory work for the Tax Evasion Act. Another proposal to the legislator is to examine the possibility of partially allowing deductions for interest deductions if the recipient of the interest income is taxed at a certain percentage.}},
  author       = {{Christensson, Linus}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Riktade ränteavdragsregler de lege ferenda - En undersökning av de riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna i ljuset av Lexel-målet och hur de kan utformas för att inte strida mot EU-rätten}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}