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Bli stucken eller stick? - En utredning av arbetsgivarens möjlighet att uppställa krav på vaccin mot covid-19 i samband med nyanställning samt under pågående anställning

Jönsson, Elsa LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka förhållandet mellan arbetsgivares respektive arbetssökandes och arbetstagares rättigheter och skyldigheter i ljuset av de krav på vaccination mot covid-19 som en arbetsgivare kan tänkas vilja uppställa. Genom användandet av den rättsdogmatiska metoden besvarar uppsatsen huruvida en arbetsgivare kan neka en ovaccinerad arbetssökande anställning respektive om en arbetsgivare kan omplacera eller säga upp en ovaccinerad arbetstagare.

Arbetsgivarprerogativet omfattar arbetsgivarens fria anställningsrätt samt arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt. På den statliga sektorn är den fria anställningsrätten begränsad genom 12 kap. 5 § regeringsformen (1974:152) (RF) och 4 § lag (1994:260) om offentlig anställning som... (More)
Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka förhållandet mellan arbetsgivares respektive arbetssökandes och arbetstagares rättigheter och skyldigheter i ljuset av de krav på vaccination mot covid-19 som en arbetsgivare kan tänkas vilja uppställa. Genom användandet av den rättsdogmatiska metoden besvarar uppsatsen huruvida en arbetsgivare kan neka en ovaccinerad arbetssökande anställning respektive om en arbetsgivare kan omplacera eller säga upp en ovaccinerad arbetstagare.

Arbetsgivarprerogativet omfattar arbetsgivarens fria anställningsrätt samt arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt. På den statliga sektorn är den fria anställningsrätten begränsad genom 12 kap. 5 § regeringsformen (1974:152) (RF) och 4 § lag (1994:260) om offentlig anställning som stadgar att vid anställning får avseende fästas enbart vid sakliga grunder, såsom förtjänst och skicklighet. Objektivitetsprincipen i 1 kap. 9 § RF innebär att kommuner och regioner måste iaktta saklighet och opartiskhet vid beslut om anställning. Till följd av arbetsledningsrätten har arbetsgivaren rätt att omplacera arbetstagaren inom ramen för anställningen. Arbetsledningsrätten innebär vidare att arbetsgivaren kan ha rätt att kräva att arbetstagaren underkastar sig visa integritetskränkande åtgärder.

I kontrast till arbetsgivarprerogativet står arbetstagarens rätt till personlig integritet. Arbetsgivarprerogativet begränsas genom principen om god sed på arbetsmarknaden, bastubadarprincipen, skyddet mot påtvingade kroppsliga ingrepp i 2 kap. 6 § RF samt rätten till skydd för privat- och familjeliv i artikel 8 i den Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och de grundläggande friheterna (EKMR). Medan 2 kap. 6 § RF endast får verkan mellan det allmänna och den enskilda har Europadomstolen fastslagit att artikel 8 EKMR även får verkan mellan enskilda aktörer. Staten har en positiv skyldighet att vidta åtgärder för att enskilda ska komma i fullt åtnjutande av sina rättigheter även i förhållande till andra enskilda rättssubjekt.

Uppsatsen föranleder följande slutsatser. En privat arbetsgivare kan neka en ovaccinerad arbetssökande anställning. För offentliga arbetsgivare förutsätter ett sådant agerande däremot att ett vaccinkrav är motiverat och proportionerligt i förhållande till verksamhetens och tjänstens art. Avseende en arbetsgivares möjlighet att uppställa krav under pågående anställning kan konstateras att både en privat och en offentlig arbetsgivare som utgångspunkt bör vara oförhindrad att omplacera en ovaccinerad arbetstagare inom ramen för arbetstagarens anställning. Analysen visar vidare att en uppsägning av en arbetstagare som inte vaccinerar kan vara att hänföra både till arbetsbrist och till personliga skäl. Om det finns saklig grund för uppsägning avgörs huvudsakligen genom en intresseavvägning där arbetsgivarens intresse av att arbetstagaren är vaccinerad vägs mot arbetstagarens intresse av personlig integritet. Mot bakgrund av bland annat att vaccination är ett stort ingrepp i den personliga integriteten är slutsatsen att en privat arbetsgivare endast i undantagsfall kan säga upp en arbetstagare som inte vaccinerar sig. Med hänvisning till skyddet mot kroppsliga ingrepp i 2 kap. 6 § RF torde däremot en offentlig arbetsgivare undantagslöst vara förhindrad att säga upp en arbetstagare med anledning av att arbetstagaren inte vaccinerar sig mot covid-19. (Less)
Abstract
The aim of the essay is to examine the relationship between the rights and obligations of employers, employment seekers and employees, in light of an employer’s will to demand that an employee undergo vaccination against Covid-19. Through the use of the legal dogmatic method, the essay examines whether an employer can deny an unvaccinated employment seeker employment and whether an employer can reassign or terminate an unvaccinated employee.

The employer’s prerogative includes the employer’s right of free employment and the right of management. A private employer has a right to decide who to hire and on what grounds of qualification. In the public sector, the right of free employment is limited by chapter 12 section 5 of the 1974... (More)
The aim of the essay is to examine the relationship between the rights and obligations of employers, employment seekers and employees, in light of an employer’s will to demand that an employee undergo vaccination against Covid-19. Through the use of the legal dogmatic method, the essay examines whether an employer can deny an unvaccinated employment seeker employment and whether an employer can reassign or terminate an unvaccinated employee.

The employer’s prerogative includes the employer’s right of free employment and the right of management. A private employer has a right to decide who to hire and on what grounds of qualification. In the public sector, the right of free employment is limited by chapter 12 section 5 of the 1974 Instrument of Government (sw. regeringsformen (1974:152), hereinafter RF) and section 4 of the Public Employment Act (sw. lag (1994:260) om offentlig anställning) which stipulate that an employment decision must be based solely on objective grounds, such as merit and skill. The principle of objectivity in chapter 1 section 9 RF entails that municipalities and regions must observe objectivity and impartiality when deciding on employment. As a result of the right of management, the employer has the right to reassign an employee within the limits of the employment. Furthermore, the right of management gives an employer certain possibilities to demand that an employee submits to integrity sensitive measures.

However, the employer’s prerogative is limited by norms which provide the employee with a protection of personal integrity. The personal integrity is protected by the principle of good practice in the labor market, the sauna bathing principle, the protection against forced physical intervention under chapter 2 section 6 RF and the right to respect for private and family life under article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). While chapter 2 section 6 RF is applicable only on the relationship between the public and the individual, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that article 8 ECHR also effects the relationship between individuals. The member states have a positive obligation to take measures to ensure the full enjoyment of the right to private life also in the private sphere.

The analysis results in the following conclusions. A private employer can deny an unvaccinated employment seeker employment. However, in the public sector, such act presupposes that a vaccination requirement is motivated and proportionate in relation to the nature of the organization and the employment. Regarding the employer’s possibility to require vaccination during an ongoing employment, it can be concluded that both a private and a public employer as a main rule should be entitled to reassign an unvaccinated employee within the limits of the employment. The analysis further demonstrates that a termination of an unvaccinated employee could be attributed both to termination due to redundancy and personal reasons. Whether a termination is based on legal grounds or not, is determined mainly by a balance of interests, i.e. the employer’s interest of the employee being vaccinated must be weighed against the employee’s interest in personal integrity. Considering, inter alia, that vaccination is a major interference in the personal integrity, the conclusion is that a private employer is only in exceptional cases entitled to terminate an employee who omits vaccination. In contrast, with reference to the protection against physical interventions in chapter 2 section 6 RF, a public employer should without exception be prohibited to terminate an employee on the ground of his or her status of vaccination against Covid-19. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Jönsson, Elsa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Requirements for vaccine against Covid-19 in the recruitment process and during an ongoing employment – what is an employer entitled to require?
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt, covid-19, vaccin, arbetsledningsrätt, integritetsskydd, arbetsmiljö
language
Swedish
id
9069976
date added to LUP
2022-01-26 00:14:48
date last changed
2022-01-26 00:14:48
@misc{9069976,
  abstract     = {{The aim of the essay is to examine the relationship between the rights and obligations of employers, employment seekers and employees, in light of an employer’s will to demand that an employee undergo vaccination against Covid-19. Through the use of the legal dogmatic method, the essay examines whether an employer can deny an unvaccinated employment seeker employment and whether an employer can reassign or terminate an unvaccinated employee. 

The employer’s prerogative includes the employer’s right of free employment and the right of management. A private employer has a right to decide who to hire and on what grounds of qualification. In the public sector, the right of free employment is limited by chapter 12 section 5 of the 1974 Instrument of Government (sw. regeringsformen (1974:152), hereinafter RF) and section 4 of the Public Employment Act (sw. lag (1994:260) om offentlig anställning) which stipulate that an employment decision must be based solely on objective grounds, such as merit and skill. The principle of objectivity in chapter 1 section 9 RF entails that municipalities and regions must observe objectivity and impartiality when deciding on employment. As a result of the right of management, the employer has the right to reassign an employee within the limits of the employment. Furthermore, the right of management gives an employer certain possibilities to demand that an employee submits to integrity sensitive measures. 

However, the employer’s prerogative is limited by norms which provide the employee with a protection of personal integrity. The personal integrity is protected by the principle of good practice in the labor market, the sauna bathing principle, the protection against forced physical intervention under chapter 2 section 6 RF and the right to respect for private and family life under article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). While chapter 2 section 6 RF is applicable only on the relationship between the public and the individual, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that article 8 ECHR also effects the relationship between individuals. The member states have a positive obligation to take measures to ensure the full enjoyment of the right to private life also in the private sphere. 

The analysis results in the following conclusions. A private employer can deny an unvaccinated employment seeker employment. However, in the public sector, such act presupposes that a vaccination requirement is motivated and proportionate in relation to the nature of the organization and the employment. Regarding the employer’s possibility to require vaccination during an ongoing employment, it can be concluded that both a private and a public employer as a main rule should be entitled to reassign an unvaccinated employee within the limits of the employment. The analysis further demonstrates that a termination of an unvaccinated employee could be attributed both to termination due to redundancy and personal reasons. Whether a termination is based on legal grounds or not, is determined mainly by a balance of interests, i.e. the employer’s interest of the employee being vaccinated must be weighed against the employee’s interest in personal integrity. Considering, inter alia, that vaccination is a major interference in the personal integrity, the conclusion is that a private employer is only in exceptional cases entitled to terminate an employee who omits vaccination. In contrast, with reference to the protection against physical interventions in chapter 2 section 6 RF, a public employer should without exception be prohibited to terminate an employee on the ground of his or her status of vaccination against Covid-19.}},
  author       = {{Jönsson, Elsa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bli stucken eller stick? - En utredning av arbetsgivarens möjlighet att uppställa krav på vaccin mot covid-19 i samband med nyanställning samt under pågående anställning}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}