Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Motverkan av samverkan - Upphandlingsrättens förhållande till samverkan mellan anbudsgivare i upphandlingsförfarandet

Eriksson, Mathias LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The purpose of this paper has been to study the concrete regulation of and principal approach to collusion between tenderers in public procurement law in a Swedish context. As a basis for the concrete regulation in public procurement law is the facultative exclusion ground in the public procurement act (see 13 kap. 3 § 4 lagen (2016:1145) om offentlig upphandling). According to the exclusion ground, contracting authorities may exclude tenderers who have entered into agreements aimed at distorting competition. However, the exclusion ground issues uncertainty regarding its coverage of concerted practices and evidentiary requirements. Since the exclusion ground has a close relationship with competition law, these questions have been studied... (More)
The purpose of this paper has been to study the concrete regulation of and principal approach to collusion between tenderers in public procurement law in a Swedish context. As a basis for the concrete regulation in public procurement law is the facultative exclusion ground in the public procurement act (see 13 kap. 3 § 4 lagen (2016:1145) om offentlig upphandling). According to the exclusion ground, contracting authorities may exclude tenderers who have entered into agreements aimed at distorting competition. However, the exclusion ground issues uncertainty regarding its coverage of concerted practices and evidentiary requirements. Since the exclusion ground has a close relationship with competition law, these questions have been studied in the light of Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the Swedish Competition Act (2 kap. 1 § konkurrenslagen (2008:579)) which prohibit collusion.

Public procurement law’s principal approach to collusion is in turn based on the principle of equal treatment. Regarding the principle of equal treatment and its relation to collusion, this paper focuses on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) concerning colluding affiliated companies participating in the same award procedure. The ECJ has constructed a general rule in these situations that tenders are to be drawn up independently, wherefore it is sufficient for exclusion that the affiliation has influenced the tenderer’s conduct in the award procedure. Public procurement law, therefore, takes a different approach to collusion than competition law since agreements between affiliated companies in a single economic unit are not considered to distort competition.

The exclusion ground and the principle of equal treatment are also closely connected to competition law when it comes to proving collusion between tenderers. From competition law, the ECJ has gathered support for the view that contracting authorities may use plausible indications to prove collusion. This, however, provides that the indications are objective and consistent and that the tenderers may submit counterevidence. However, a certain aspect of the exclusion ground is that it confers a wide margin of appreciation on contracting authorities. The purpose of the exclusion ground is to enable contracting authorities to assess the reliability of the tenderers and the risk of awarding the contract to an unreliable tenderer. Yet, this margin of appreciation may be limited by the principle of equal treatment’s categorical demands.

In summary, public procurement law’s approach to collusion between tenderers is affected by the exclusion ground, the principle of equal treatment, and competition law. Yet, it is obvious when studied that there are differences and contradictions between the rules, which follow from the rules’ underlying reasons. While the exclusion ground is supposed to bring contracting authorities the possibility to assess tenderers’ reliability, the principle of equal treatment is supposed to guarantee equal opportunities and undistorted competition in the award procedure. Competition law on the other hand is generally designed to address competition concerns on the market as a whole and does not necessarily consider public procurement traits. Even though differences exist, competition law still guides the approach to collusion in a public procurement law context. Likewise, the exclusion ground guides contracting authorities’ procedure when the principle of equal treatment commands exclusion of colluding tenderers. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att utreda upphandlingsrättens konkreta reglering av och principiella förhållningsätt till samverkan mellan anbudsgivare i upphandlingsförfarandet. Utgångspunkten för utredningen av upphandlingsrättens konkreta regleringen är den fakultativa uteslutningsgrunden i 13 kap. 3 § fjärde punkten lagen (2016:1145) om offentlig upphandling (LOU). Uteslutningsgrunden anger att upphandlande myndigheter får utesluta anbudsgivare som har ingått överenskommelser med konkurrensbegränsande syfte. Men uteslutningsgrunden vållar osäkerhet kring hur den ska tillämpas både vad gäller dess tillämpningsområde och dess beviskrav. Till följd av uteslutningsgrundens nära förhållande till konkurrensrätten har frågorna utretts i... (More)
Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att utreda upphandlingsrättens konkreta reglering av och principiella förhållningsätt till samverkan mellan anbudsgivare i upphandlingsförfarandet. Utgångspunkten för utredningen av upphandlingsrättens konkreta regleringen är den fakultativa uteslutningsgrunden i 13 kap. 3 § fjärde punkten lagen (2016:1145) om offentlig upphandling (LOU). Uteslutningsgrunden anger att upphandlande myndigheter får utesluta anbudsgivare som har ingått överenskommelser med konkurrensbegränsande syfte. Men uteslutningsgrunden vållar osäkerhet kring hur den ska tillämpas både vad gäller dess tillämpningsområde och dess beviskrav. Till följd av uteslutningsgrundens nära förhållande till konkurrensrätten har frågorna utretts i ljuset av konkurrensrättens samarbetsförbud i artikel 101 fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt (FEUF) och 2 kap. 1 § konkurrenslagen (2008:579).

Upphandlingsrättens principiella förhållningssätt mot samverkan grundar sig i sin tur på likabehandlingsprincipen. Utredningen i den delen tar utgångspunkt i EU-domstolens praxis kring anknutna anbudsgivare som samverkar vid framtagandet av separata anbud. EU-domstolen har uttalat att anbud ska tas fram oberoende och självständigt och att det är tillräckligt att de anknutna anbudsgivarnas förhållande har påverkat utformningen av anbuden för att de inte ska kunna beaktas. Upphandlingsrätten har därmed en annan syn på samverkan än konkurrensrätten, inom vilken samarbeten mellan företag i samma ekonomiska enhet inte anses ha någon konkurrensbegränsande effekt.

Uteslutningsgrunden och likabehandlingsprincipen har också ett nära förhållande till konkurrensrätten i fråga om hur upphandlande myndigheter ska bevisa att anbudsgivare har ingått konkurrensbegränsande överenskommelser. Från konkurrensrätten har EU-domstolen hämtat stöd för att upphandlande myndigheter ska kunna använda sig av indicier för att bevisa otillåten samverkan under förutsättning att indicierna är objektiva och samstämmiga och så länge anbudsgivarna har möjlighet att motbevisa den presumtion som ställs upp. Nämnvärt kring uteslutningsgrunden är att den ger upphandlande myndigheter ett skönsmässigt bedömningsutrymme vid tillämpningen av uteslutningsgrunden. Syftet med bestämmelsen är nämligen att ge upphandlande myndigheter en möjlighet att bedöma anbudsgivarnas pålitlighet och redbarhet. Detta skönsmässiga bedömningsutrymme kan dock behöva stå tillbaka till följd av likabehandlingsprincipens mer kategoriska krav.

Sammantaget påverkas upphandlingsrättens förhållande till samverkan mellan anbudsgivare av uteslutningsgrunden, likabehandlingsprincipen och konkurrensrätten. Men det blir uppenbart vid en granskning att det finns skillnader och motsättningar mellan de olika delarna, vilket följer av de bakomliggande syftena med de olika bestämmelserna. Medan uteslutningsgrunden syftar till att ge upphandlande myndigheter ett verktyg att skydda sig mot opålitliga leverantörer är likabehandlingsprincipen en allmän princip som ska säkerställa alla leverantörers lika möjligheter och en sund och effektiv konkurrens. Konkurrensrätten å sin sida är generellt inriktad på företags konkurrensbegränsade agerande på marknaden och tar inte nödvändigtvis hänsyn till upphandlingsförfarandet särskilda karaktär. Trots skillnaderna utgör konkurrensrätten ändå måttstock och vägledning för upphandlingsrättens hantering av samverkan mellan anbudsgivare. På samma sätt är uteslutningsgrunden vägledande för hur uteslutning bör gå till när likabehandlingsprincipen ställer krav på att samverkande anbudsgivare ska uteslutas. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Eriksson, Mathias LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Countering Collusion - Public Procurement Law's Relation to Collusion Between Tenderers in the Award Procedure
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Förvaltningsrätt, Konkurrensrätt, EU-rätt, Upphandlingsrätt, Likabehandlingsprincipen
language
Swedish
id
9070062
date added to LUP
2022-01-22 17:22:39
date last changed
2022-01-22 17:22:39
@misc{9070062,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this paper has been to study the concrete regulation of and principal approach to collusion between tenderers in public procurement law in a Swedish context. As a basis for the concrete regulation in public procurement law is the facultative exclusion ground in the public procurement act (see 13 kap. 3 § 4 lagen (2016:1145) om offentlig upphandling). According to the exclusion ground, contracting authorities may exclude tenderers who have entered into agreements aimed at distorting competition. However, the exclusion ground issues uncertainty regarding its coverage of concerted practices and evidentiary requirements. Since the exclusion ground has a close relationship with competition law, these questions have been studied in the light of Article 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the Swedish Competition Act (2 kap. 1 § konkurrenslagen (2008:579)) which prohibit collusion. 
 
Public procurement law’s principal approach to collusion is in turn based on the principle of equal treatment. Regarding the principle of equal treatment and its relation to collusion, this paper focuses on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) concerning colluding affiliated companies participating in the same award procedure. The ECJ has constructed a general rule in these situations that tenders are to be drawn up independently, wherefore it is sufficient for exclusion that the affiliation has influenced the tenderer’s conduct in the award procedure. Public procurement law, therefore, takes a different approach to collusion than competition law since agreements between affiliated companies in a single economic unit are not considered to distort competition. 
 
The exclusion ground and the principle of equal treatment are also closely connected to competition law when it comes to proving collusion between tenderers. From competition law, the ECJ has gathered support for the view that contracting authorities may use plausible indications to prove collusion. This, however, provides that the indications are objective and consistent and that the tenderers may submit counterevidence. However, a certain aspect of the exclusion ground is that it confers a wide margin of appreciation on contracting authorities. The purpose of the exclusion ground is to enable contracting authorities to assess the reliability of the tenderers and the risk of awarding the contract to an unreliable tenderer. Yet, this margin of appreciation may be limited by the principle of equal treatment’s categorical demands. 
 
In summary, public procurement law’s approach to collusion between tenderers is affected by the exclusion ground, the principle of equal treatment, and competition law. Yet, it is obvious when studied that there are differences and contradictions between the rules, which follow from the rules’ underlying reasons. While the exclusion ground is supposed to bring contracting authorities the possibility to assess tenderers’ reliability, the principle of equal treatment is supposed to guarantee equal opportunities and undistorted competition in the award procedure. Competition law on the other hand is generally designed to address competition concerns on the market as a whole and does not necessarily consider public procurement traits. Even though differences exist, competition law still guides the approach to collusion in a public procurement law context. Likewise, the exclusion ground guides contracting authorities’ procedure when the principle of equal treatment commands exclusion of colluding tenderers.}},
  author       = {{Eriksson, Mathias}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Motverkan av samverkan - Upphandlingsrättens förhållande till samverkan mellan anbudsgivare i upphandlingsförfarandet}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}