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Om sanningen ska fram - bevisprövningen av bevismedel med oklart ursprung

Degerman, Ruben LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This thesis examines the evaluation of evidence material of unclear origin in Swedish law. "Unclear origin" refers to that for various reasons it is not possible to account for where the evidence comes from, how it was obtained or that there is some other ambiguity about the circumstances for obtaining the evidence. The unclear origin means that the court is faced with procedural problems in the evaluation of evidence. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how evidence of unclear origin is tried and how such evidence should be tried according to Swedish law.

Evidence of unclear origin is subject to deficiencies related to both its probative value and the possibility for the other party to bring an action. The use of evidence of... (More)
This thesis examines the evaluation of evidence material of unclear origin in Swedish law. "Unclear origin" refers to that for various reasons it is not possible to account for where the evidence comes from, how it was obtained or that there is some other ambiguity about the circumstances for obtaining the evidence. The unclear origin means that the court is faced with procedural problems in the evaluation of evidence. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how evidence of unclear origin is tried and how such evidence should be tried according to Swedish law.

Evidence of unclear origin is subject to deficiencies related to both its probative value and the possibility for the other party to bring an action. The use of evidence of unclear origin thus means that ambiguities are allowed into the legal process, which also raises issues of legal certainty. Can a free and critically examining evaluation of evidence satisfy reasonable legal certainty requirements in the evaluation of evidence of unclear origin? Or is a model of rejection or special rules of evidence better at promoting legal certainty in the evaluation of evidence of unclear origin?

According to applicable law, evidence of unclear origin shall not normally be rejected but evaluated within the framework of the court's free evaluation of evidence. There is some support to the claim that it may conflict with the right to a fair trial according to art. 6 ECHR to issue a conviction solely on the basis of evidence with an unknown source. However, neither the case law of the European Court of Justice nor that of the Swedish Supreme Court should be considered to entail a general requirement that evidence of unclear origin needs to be supported by other evidence. To investigate how evidence of unclear origin is tried in Swedish law, a case analysis of Swedish lower court decisions has been carried out where evidence in the form of EncroChat material and surplus information has been evaluated. The courts have issued convictions based mainly on EncroChat material, while some courts have applied an almost formal requirement for supporting evidence, which indicates a certain inconsistency in the examination of evidence.

The conclusions of the thesis are that evidence of unclear origin should continue to be permitted in Swedish law and be evaluated within the framework of the free evaluation of evidence. At the same time, it is important to note that evidence of unclear origin is generally uncertain which places high demands on the court to be aware of the evidence’s shortcomings that a possible unknown origin can cause to minimize the risk of incorrect and legally insecure judgments. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats behandlar bevisprövningen av bevismedel med oklart ursprung i svensk rätt. Med ”oklart ursprung” avses omständigheten att det av olika skäl inte går att redogöra för var ett bevismedel kommer ifrån, hur det har anskaffats eller att det i övrigt råder oklarheter kring omständigheterna vid bevisanskaffningen. Det oklara ursprunget medför att domstolen i bevisprövningen ställs inför processrättsliga problem. Syftet i uppsatsen är att undersöka hur bevismedel med oklart ursprung prövas och hur sådana bevismedel bör prövas i svensk rätt.

Bevismedel med oklart ursprung har i normalfallet brister som anknyter till både dess bevisvärde och till möjligheten för motparten att föra sin talan. Användningen av dessa bevismedel innebär... (More)
Denna uppsats behandlar bevisprövningen av bevismedel med oklart ursprung i svensk rätt. Med ”oklart ursprung” avses omständigheten att det av olika skäl inte går att redogöra för var ett bevismedel kommer ifrån, hur det har anskaffats eller att det i övrigt råder oklarheter kring omständigheterna vid bevisanskaffningen. Det oklara ursprunget medför att domstolen i bevisprövningen ställs inför processrättsliga problem. Syftet i uppsatsen är att undersöka hur bevismedel med oklart ursprung prövas och hur sådana bevismedel bör prövas i svensk rätt.

Bevismedel med oklart ursprung har i normalfallet brister som anknyter till både dess bevisvärde och till möjligheten för motparten att föra sin talan. Användningen av dessa bevismedel innebär att okända omständigheter släpps in i processen vilket enligt min mening även aktualiserar frågor om rättssäkerhet. Frågan är om en fri och kritiskt granskande bevisprövning kan tillgodose rimliga rättssäkerhetskrav vid bevisprövningen av bevismedel med oklart ursprung, eller om en avvisningsmodell alternativt särskilda bevisregler hade kunnat främja rättssäkerheten vid bevisprövningen i dessa fall?

Bevismedel med oklart ursprung ska i normalfallet inte avvisas utan bevisvärderas genom domstolens fria bevisprövning. Det finns visst stöd för att det kan stå i strid med rätten till en rättvis rättegång enligt art. 6 EKMR att meddela en fällande dom enbart med stöd av ett bevismedel med okänd upphovsman. Varken Europadomstolens eller Högsta domstolens praxis bör dock anses medföra ett generellt krav på att bevismedel med oklart ursprung vinner stöd av annan utredning i målet. För att undersöka hur bevismedel med oklart ursprung prövas i svensk rätt har en rättsfallsanalys av svenska underrättsavgöranden genomförts där bevismedel i form av EncroChat-material och överskottsinformation bevisprövats. Domstolarna har meddelat fällande domar som huvudsakligen stödjer sig på EncroChat-material samtidigt som några domstolar har tillämpat ett närmast formellt krav på stödbevisning, vilket indikerar en viss inkonsekvens i bevisprövningen.

Uppsatsens slutsatser är att mycket talar för att bevismedel med oklart ursprung även fortsättningsvis bör tillåtas i svensk rätt och bevisvärderas inom ramen för den fria bevisprövningen. Det är samtidigt viktigt att påpeka att bevismedel med oklart ursprung i regel är osäkra och ställer höga krav på att domstolen är uppmärksam på de brister i bevismedlens bevisfakta som ett okänt ursprung kan orsaka för att minimera risken för felaktiga och rättsosäkra domar. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Degerman, Ruben LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Evidence evaluation of evidence with unclear origin
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilprocess, Straffprocess, Civil and criminal procedure
language
Swedish
id
9070254
date added to LUP
2022-01-23 16:49:21
date last changed
2022-01-23 16:49:21
@misc{9070254,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the evaluation of evidence material of unclear origin in Swedish law. "Unclear origin" refers to that for various reasons it is not possible to account for where the evidence comes from, how it was obtained or that there is some other ambiguity about the circumstances for obtaining the evidence. The unclear origin means that the court is faced with procedural problems in the evaluation of evidence. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how evidence of unclear origin is tried and how such evidence should be tried according to Swedish law.

Evidence of unclear origin is subject to deficiencies related to both its probative value and the possibility for the other party to bring an action. The use of evidence of unclear origin thus means that ambiguities are allowed into the legal process, which also raises issues of legal certainty. Can a free and critically examining evaluation of evidence satisfy reasonable legal certainty requirements in the evaluation of evidence of unclear origin? Or is a model of rejection or special rules of evidence better at promoting legal certainty in the evaluation of evidence of unclear origin?

According to applicable law, evidence of unclear origin shall not normally be rejected but evaluated within the framework of the court's free evaluation of evidence. There is some support to the claim that it may conflict with the right to a fair trial according to art. 6 ECHR to issue a conviction solely on the basis of evidence with an unknown source. However, neither the case law of the European Court of Justice nor that of the Swedish Supreme Court should be considered to entail a general requirement that evidence of unclear origin needs to be supported by other evidence. To investigate how evidence of unclear origin is tried in Swedish law, a case analysis of Swedish lower court decisions has been carried out where evidence in the form of EncroChat material and surplus information has been evaluated. The courts have issued convictions based mainly on EncroChat material, while some courts have applied an almost formal requirement for supporting evidence, which indicates a certain inconsistency in the examination of evidence. 

The conclusions of the thesis are that evidence of unclear origin should continue to be permitted in Swedish law and be evaluated within the framework of the free evaluation of evidence. At the same time, it is important to note that evidence of unclear origin is generally uncertain which places high demands on the court to be aware of the evidence’s shortcomings that a possible unknown origin can cause to minimize the risk of incorrect and legally insecure judgments.}},
  author       = {{Degerman, Ruben}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Om sanningen ska fram - bevisprövningen av bevismedel med oklart ursprung}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}