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Distansarbete - En arbetsrättslig analys av integritetsskydd och arbetsmiljö vid distansarbete i svensk rätt och Europarätt

Kruse, Filippa LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic, telework has been a central part of the strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Before the pandemic, only 5% of EU workers worked remotely on a regular basis. When the pandemic broke out, the proportion of employees working remotely in the EU increased to almost 40%. The rapid transition to telework has raised several issues of labor law. The purpose of this thesis is to make an integrated labor law analysis of privacy protection and work environment responsibility during telework in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic where Swedish law, as well as its interaction with European law and EU law, is in focus.
There is no Swedish law that regulates employees' right and obligation to telework. The starting... (More)
During the Covid-19 pandemic, telework has been a central part of the strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Before the pandemic, only 5% of EU workers worked remotely on a regular basis. When the pandemic broke out, the proportion of employees working remotely in the EU increased to almost 40%. The rapid transition to telework has raised several issues of labor law. The purpose of this thesis is to make an integrated labor law analysis of privacy protection and work environment responsibility during telework in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic where Swedish law, as well as its interaction with European law and EU law, is in focus.
There is no Swedish law that regulates employees' right and obligation to telework. The starting point should instead be the European framework agreement on telework, which is implemented by the Swedish social partners through guidelines for implementing the European agreement on telework, and the managerial prerogative, which is limited by the Working Hours Act, Work Environment Act, collective agreements, personal employment contracts, the labor law principle good practice in the labor market and the case law of the Labor Court. The case law of the Labor Court provides support that the employee is obliged to accept geographical relocations to the workplace at the same or nearby location, both temporarily and permanently. The question of whether employers, with reference to the managerial prerogative, can demand that employees work remotely is unclear as it has not been tried by the Labor Court. In view of the framework agreement's principle of voluntariness, employers should not be able to decide unilaterally on working remotely.
Remote work raises issues of employees' right to privacy. The employer can take privacy-sensitive measures in a variety of ways and with different purposes. The development of new, cheaper, and more accessible technology for monitoring and control and increased digitization are factors that facilitate and contribute to increased monitoring of workers. There is no law on integrity in working life. Previous legislative initiatives and investigations show that in practice it has been difficult to produce a legal text that is both acceptable to the social partners and that clarifies the legal situation. Workers' right to privacy is regulated by the general provisions on the protection of privacy and correspondence in Article 8 of the European Convention and by the interpretation of the Convention in the case law of the European Court of Justice and in Article 3 (1) and Article 7 of the EU Charter on the right to privacy and the right to respect for private and family life. In Swedish law, it is primarily the boundaries of the Managerial Prerogative that have been developed in the Labor Court's case law, that determine which surveillance and privacy violations measures an employee must accept. Employees' obligation to submit to privacy-infringing measures in the form of medical examinations and drug and alcohol tests can also be regulated in collective agreements. Public employees are, however, given a constitutional protection in The Instrument of Government (2:6 RF) which can only be restricted by law. This unstructured regulation makes it difficult to determine which room for maneuver an employer has regarding surveillance and which surveillance and privacy violations measures an employee must accept.
The transition to telework meant that the conditions for the work environment changed. The remote work has led to an individualization of the work environment where the employees' individual conditions such as family relationships, housing conditions and technical equipment in the home affect the work environment. Telework also makes it difficult for employees to draw clear boundaries between work and leisure, which increases risk of health issues such as depression, anxiety, and burnout. The Work environment legislation consists of the Work Environment Act, the Work Environment Ordinance and the Swedish Work Environment Authority's regulations and advice issued in the Swedish Work Environment Authority's collection of statutes. The work environment regulation also includes what has been agreed between the social partners in collective agreements. The work environment legislation also includes the mandatory EU legal provisions in Article 31 (1) of the EU Charter, as well as the case law of the European Court of Justice and the framework directive for occupational safety and health implemented in Swedish law through the Work Environment Act.
The European framework directive for occupational safety and health and Work Environment Act, impose the overall work environment responsibility on the employer even for telework. However, the predominant part of the provisions in the Swedish Work Environment Authority's regulation on workplace design (AFS 2020: 1) limits the employer's work environment responsibility for the physical work environment. The employer's responsibility for preventing risks through the systematic environment work in the physical work environment remains. Telework also means that employees' responsibility to participate in work environment work by reporting work environment risks is extended because employers and safety representatives at the workspace do not have the same opportunity to pay attention to and remedy work environment problems during telework as when working from the employer's premises. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Under Covid-19 pandemin har distansarbete varit en central del i strategin för att minska smittspridningen av viruset. Före pandemin arbetade endast 5 % av arbetstagarna inom EU på distans regelbundet. När pandemin bröt ut ökade andelen distansarbetare inom EU till nästan 40 %. Den snabba omställningen till distansarbete har aktualiserat flera arbetsrättsliga frågor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en integrerad arbetsrättslig analys av integritetsskydd och arbetsmiljöansvar vid distansarbete i ljuset av Covid-19 pandemin där svensk rätt, liksom dess samspel med Europarätt och EU-rätt, är i fokus.

Det finns ingen svensk lag som reglerar arbetstagares rätt och skyldighet att distansarbeta. Utgångspunkten torde i stället vara det... (More)
Under Covid-19 pandemin har distansarbete varit en central del i strategin för att minska smittspridningen av viruset. Före pandemin arbetade endast 5 % av arbetstagarna inom EU på distans regelbundet. När pandemin bröt ut ökade andelen distansarbetare inom EU till nästan 40 %. Den snabba omställningen till distansarbete har aktualiserat flera arbetsrättsliga frågor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en integrerad arbetsrättslig analys av integritetsskydd och arbetsmiljöansvar vid distansarbete i ljuset av Covid-19 pandemin där svensk rätt, liksom dess samspel med Europarätt och EU-rätt, är i fokus.

Det finns ingen svensk lag som reglerar arbetstagares rätt och skyldighet att distansarbeta. Utgångspunkten torde i stället vara det europeiska ramavtalet om distansarbete som implementerats av de svenska arbetsmarknadsparterna genom riktlinjer för genomförande av den europeiska överenskommelsen om distansarbete och arbetsgivares arbetsledningsrätt som dock begränsas av de arbetsrättsliga ramar som sätts i bland annat arbetstidslagen, arbetsmiljölagen, kollektivavtal, personliga anställningsavtal, god sed på arbetsmarknaden samt Arbetsdomstolens praxis. Arbetsdomstolens praxis ger stöd för att arbetstagaren är skyldig att såväl tillfälligt som permanent godta geografiska omplaceringar till arbetsplats på samma eller närliggande ort. Frågan om arbetsgivare, med hänvisning till arbetsledningsrätten, kan kräva att arbetstagare ska arbeta på distans är oklar då den inte prövats av Arbetsdomstolen. Med hänsyn till ramavtalets princip om frivillighet torde arbetsgivare inte ensidigt kunna besluta om distansarbete.

Distansarbete aktualiserar frågor arbetstagares rätt till personlig integritet. Arbetsgivaren kan vidta integritetskänsliga åtgärder på en mängd olika sätt och med olika syften. Utvecklingen av ny, billigare och mer lättillgänglig teknik för övervakning och kontroll och en utökad digitalisering är faktorer som underlättar för och bidrar till ökad övervakning av arbetstagare. Det finns ingen lag om integritet i arbetslivet. Tidigare lagförslag och utredningar visar att det i praktiken varit svårt att ta fram en lagtext som både är acceptabel för arbetsmarknadens parter och som förtydligar rättsläget. Arbetstagares rätt till personlig integritet regleras i stället i de allmänt hållna bestämmelserna om skydd för privatliv och korrespondens i artikel 8 i Europakonventionen och genom tolkningen av konventionen i Europadomstolens praxis samt artikel 3.1 och artikel 7 i EU-stadgan om rätt till integritet respektive rätt till respekt för privat- och familjeliv. I svensk rätt är det främst gränserna för arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt som utvecklats i Arbetsdomstolens praxis som avgör vilka övervaknings- och integritetskränkande åtgärder en arbetstagare måste acceptera i arbetslivet. Arbetstagares skyldighet att underkasta sig integritetskränkande åtgärder i form av läkarundersökningar och drog- och alkoholtester kan också regleras i kollektivavtal. Offentliganställda ges dock ett grundlagsfäst skydd i 2 kap. 6 § RF som endast kan inskränkas genom lag. Denna ostrukturerade reglering gör att det är svårt att avgöra vilket handlingsutrymme en arbetsgivare har vad gäller övervakning respektive vilka övervaknings- och integritetskränkande åtgärder en arbetstagare måste acceptera i arbetslivet.

Övergången till distansarbete innebar att förutsättningarna för arbetsmiljön förändrades. Distansarbetet har medfört en individualisering av arbetsmiljön och arbetsmiljöarbetet där arbetstagarnas individuella förutsättningar såsom familjeförhållanden, bostadsförhållanden och tekniska utrustning i hemmet påverkar arbetsmiljön. Distansarbete gör det även svårt för arbetstagare att dra tydliga gränser mellan arbete och fritid vilket gör att övertidsarbetet ökar och i sin tur riskerar att orsaka depression, ångest och utbrändhet. Arbetsmiljölagstiftningen utgörs av arbetsmiljölagen, arbetsmiljöförordningen och Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter och råd utgivna i Arbetsmiljöverkets författningssamling. I arbetsmiljöregleringen ingår också vad som överenskommits mellan arbetsmarknadens parter i kollektivavtal. Till arbetsmiljölagstiftningen hör också de tvingande EU-rättsliga bestämmelserna i artikel 31.1 EU-stadgan samt EU-domstolens praxis och ramdirektivet om arbetsmiljö som implementerats i svensk rätt genom arbetsmiljölagen.

Det europeiska ramdirektivet om arbetsmiljö och arbetsmiljölagen ålägger arbetsgivaren det övergripande arbetsmiljöansvaret även vid distansarbete. Den övervägande delen av bestämmelserna i Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrift arbetsplatsens utformning (AFS 2020:1) begränsar dock arbetsgivarens arbetsmiljöansvar för den fysiska arbetsmiljön. Arbetsgivarens ansvar för att förebygga risker genom det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet i den fysiska arbetsmiljön kvarstår dock. Distansarbetet innebär också att arbetstagares ansvar att medverka i arbetsmiljöarbetet genom att uppmärksamma och rapportera arbetsmiljörisker utsträcks eftersom arbetsgivare och skyddsombud inte har samma möjlighet att uppmärksamma och åtgärda arbetsmiljöproblem vid distansarbete som vid arbete från arbetsgivarens lokaler. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Kruse, Filippa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Teleworking - An employment law analysis of privacy protection and working environment in teleworking in Swedish law and European law
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Arbetsrätt, civilrätt, EU-rätt, distansarbete, arbetsmiljö, arbetsgivares arbetsmiljöansvar vid distansarbete, rätt till personlig integritet i arbetslivet
language
Swedish
id
9070358
date added to LUP
2022-01-23 16:47:09
date last changed
2022-01-23 16:47:09
@misc{9070358,
  abstract     = {{During the Covid-19 pandemic, telework has been a central part of the strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Before the pandemic, only 5% of EU workers worked remotely on a regular basis. When the pandemic broke out, the proportion of employees working remotely in the EU increased to almost 40%. The rapid transition to telework has raised several issues of labor law. The purpose of this thesis is to make an integrated labor law analysis of privacy protection and work environment responsibility during telework in the light of the Covid-19 pandemic where Swedish law, as well as its interaction with European law and EU law, is in focus.
There is no Swedish law that regulates employees' right and obligation to telework. The starting point should instead be the European framework agreement on telework, which is implemented by the Swedish social partners through guidelines for implementing the European agreement on telework, and the managerial prerogative, which is limited by the Working Hours Act, Work Environment Act, collective agreements, personal employment contracts, the labor law principle good practice in the labor market and the case law of the Labor Court. The case law of the Labor Court provides support that the employee is obliged to accept geographical relocations to the workplace at the same or nearby location, both temporarily and permanently. The question of whether employers, with reference to the managerial prerogative, can demand that employees work remotely is unclear as it has not been tried by the Labor Court. In view of the framework agreement's principle of voluntariness, employers should not be able to decide unilaterally on working remotely.
Remote work raises issues of employees' right to privacy. The employer can take privacy-sensitive measures in a variety of ways and with different purposes. The development of new, cheaper, and more accessible technology for monitoring and control and increased digitization are factors that facilitate and contribute to increased monitoring of workers. There is no law on integrity in working life. Previous legislative initiatives and investigations show that in practice it has been difficult to produce a legal text that is both acceptable to the social partners and that clarifies the legal situation. Workers' right to privacy is regulated by the general provisions on the protection of privacy and correspondence in Article 8 of the European Convention and by the interpretation of the Convention in the case law of the European Court of Justice and in Article 3 (1) and Article 7 of the EU Charter on the right to privacy and the right to respect for private and family life. In Swedish law, it is primarily the boundaries of the Managerial Prerogative that have been developed in the Labor Court's case law, that determine which surveillance and privacy violations measures an employee must accept. Employees' obligation to submit to privacy-infringing measures in the form of medical examinations and drug and alcohol tests can also be regulated in collective agreements. Public employees are, however, given a constitutional protection in The Instrument of Government (2:6 RF) which can only be restricted by law. This unstructured regulation makes it difficult to determine which room for maneuver an employer has regarding surveillance and which surveillance and privacy violations measures an employee must accept.
The transition to telework meant that the conditions for the work environment changed. The remote work has led to an individualization of the work environment where the employees' individual conditions such as family relationships, housing conditions and technical equipment in the home affect the work environment. Telework also makes it difficult for employees to draw clear boundaries between work and leisure, which increases risk of health issues such as depression, anxiety, and burnout. The Work environment legislation consists of the Work Environment Act, the Work Environment Ordinance and the Swedish Work Environment Authority's regulations and advice issued in the Swedish Work Environment Authority's collection of statutes. The work environment regulation also includes what has been agreed between the social partners in collective agreements. The work environment legislation also includes the mandatory EU legal provisions in Article 31 (1) of the EU Charter, as well as the case law of the European Court of Justice and the framework directive for occupational safety and health implemented in Swedish law through the Work Environment Act.
The European framework directive for occupational safety and health and Work Environment Act, impose the overall work environment responsibility on the employer even for telework. However, the predominant part of the provisions in the Swedish Work Environment Authority's regulation on workplace design (AFS 2020: 1) limits the employer's work environment responsibility for the physical work environment. The employer's responsibility for preventing risks through the systematic environment work in the physical work environment remains. Telework also means that employees' responsibility to participate in work environment work by reporting work environment risks is extended because employers and safety representatives at the workspace do not have the same opportunity to pay attention to and remedy work environment problems during telework as when working from the employer's premises.}},
  author       = {{Kruse, Filippa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Distansarbete - En arbetsrättslig analys av integritetsskydd och arbetsmiljö vid distansarbete i svensk rätt och Europarätt}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}