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En reinkarnation av EU:s blockerande stadga efter EU-domstolens dom C-124/20 eller fortsättningsvis rävsax för EU-aktörer och sekundära sanktioner?

Hellman, Lukas LU (2021) JURM02 20212
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Since leaving the JCPOA, the United States has taken further sanction measures against, for example, Iran, but with the consequence that EU actors also can be sanctioned without having a connection to the United States, e.g., secondary sanctions. This is a form of extraterritorial legislation that the EU blocking regulation is intended to protect EU operators from. Although the blocking regulation is over twenty-five years old it has only been a few national cases until CJEU ruling C-124/20. With that, the application of the EU blocking regulation has been somewhat uncertain. Therefore, the few national cases that have existed have been the established practice on how the different national courts have reasoned and applied the EU blocking... (More)
Since leaving the JCPOA, the United States has taken further sanction measures against, for example, Iran, but with the consequence that EU actors also can be sanctioned without having a connection to the United States, e.g., secondary sanctions. This is a form of extraterritorial legislation that the EU blocking regulation is intended to protect EU operators from. Although the blocking regulation is over twenty-five years old it has only been a few national cases until CJEU ruling C-124/20. With that, the application of the EU blocking regulation has been somewhat uncertain. Therefore, the few national cases that have existed have been the established practice on how the different national courts have reasoned and applied the EU blocking regulation and with what protection the EU blocking regulation has offered EU operators against US extraterritorial legislation. The application of the EU blocking regulation to EU operators has in the national courts been interpreted differently. In some cases, it has been given effect and, in some cases, it has not been given effect. CJEU ruling C-124/20, which came in late 2021, clarified when the prohibition for an EU operator on complying with the requirements or prohibitions laid down by the extraterritorial legislation adopted by the United States should apply. It applies to an EU operator even in the absence of an order or instruction directing compliance by an administrative or judicial authority.

CJEU further states that the prohibition laid down in the EU blocking regulation can be relied on in civil proceedings in national courts in Member States in order to protect the established legal order and the interests of the European Union in general, with a view to achieving, to the greatest extent possible the objective of free movement of capital between Member States and third countries, as well as protecting the interests of the persons concerned. Furthermore, the CJEU found that an EU operator can terminate contracts concluded with a person that expose the EU operator for secondary sanction without providing reasons for the termination. However, in the context of civil proceedings concerning the alleged breach of the prohibition laid down by the regulation, it is the person to whom the prohibition is addressed who has the burden of proving, to the required legal standard, that the conduct; the termination of contracts, did not seek to comply with the US extraterritorial legislation referred to in the EU blocking regulation where, prima facie, that appears to be the case.

In the light of the ruling of the CJEU any EU operator who wishes to terminate an agreement with a part that exposes the EU operator to secondary sanctions needs to carefully consider the reasons for terminating the agreement and the consequences of the dismissal. It is also clear from the CJEU ruling that an EU operator who wants to terminate an agreement without risking violating the EU blocking regulation must first apply for an exeption from the European Commission from the ban in the blocking charter to comply with US extraterritorial legislation. A consequence of this for the EU operator will be that they will have to take additional precautions in who they enter into agreements with if they are or may be sanctioned and if these may expose the EU operator to sanction risk with negative financial consequences. The same caution will also be required if the EU operator need to take any legal action regarding a contract with a part that could expose them to the risk of sanctions. The consequence of the CJEU ruling is also that an EU operator has the burden of proof that measure taken was taken not to comply with extraterritorial legislation. These clarifications of the application of the blocking regulation may result in overcompliance. Meaning that EU operators do not choose to conduct business with such parties that expose them to sanction risk even though they do not risk violating the blocking regulation. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
USA har sedan de gick ur JCPOA ytterligare vidtagit sanktionsåtgärder mot exempelvis Iran men med följder att även EU-aktörer kan bli sanktionerade utan att ha anknytning till USA, så kallade sekundära sanktioner. Detta är en form av extraterritoriell lagstiftning som den blockerande stadgan ska skydda EU-aktörer från genom exempelvis förbud för EU-aktörer att efterleva denna extraterritoriella lagstiftning. Trots att den blockerande stadgan är över tjugofem år gammal så har den inte fram till EU-domstolens dom C-124/20 blivit prövad i någon större omfattning om än endast i några fåtal nationella mål. Med det har tillämpningen av den varit något osäker och därför har man fått undersöka de få nationella mål som funnits för att se hur olika... (More)
USA har sedan de gick ur JCPOA ytterligare vidtagit sanktionsåtgärder mot exempelvis Iran men med följder att även EU-aktörer kan bli sanktionerade utan att ha anknytning till USA, så kallade sekundära sanktioner. Detta är en form av extraterritoriell lagstiftning som den blockerande stadgan ska skydda EU-aktörer från genom exempelvis förbud för EU-aktörer att efterleva denna extraterritoriella lagstiftning. Trots att den blockerande stadgan är över tjugofem år gammal så har den inte fram till EU-domstolens dom C-124/20 blivit prövad i någon större omfattning om än endast i några fåtal nationella mål. Med det har tillämpningen av den varit något osäker och därför har man fått undersöka de få nationella mål som funnits för att se hur olika nationella domstolar har resonerat och tillämpat den blockerande stadgan och med det vilket skydd den blockerande stadgan har erbjudit EU-aktörer mot amerikansk extraterritoriell lagstiftning.
Det har visat sig att den blockerande stadgans tillämpning på EU-aktörer i de nationella målen har skiljt sig åt. I vissa fall har den getts effekt och i vissa fall har den inte getts effekt. Genom EU-domstolens dom C-124/20 som kom sent 2021 klargjordes när den blockerande stadgans förbud om att åtlyda amerikansk extraterritoriell lagstiftning ska tillämpas på en EU-aktör. EU-aktörer behöver inte få direkta eller indirekta instruktioner från en administrativ eller rättslig myndighet i USA att följa extraterritoriell lagstiftning för att förbudet i den blockerande stadgan ska aktualiseras utan det räcker att en EU-aktör vidtar åtgärder för att följa amerikansk extraterritoriell lagstiftning. EU-domstolen konstaterar vidare att förbudet kan åberopas inför en EU-medlemsstats nationella myndighet i ett civilrättsligt mål för att kunna skydda parternas intressen och för att den blockerande stadgan ska kunna ges full effekt. Vidare konstaterade EU-domstolen att en EU-aktör kan säga upp ett avtal utan att behöva ange skäl för det men det ankommer på EU-aktören att styrka att uppsägningen av ett avtal inte syftade till att följa amerikansk extraterritoriell lagstiftning, när det vid första anblicken förefaller som om detta var avsikten.
Mot bakgrund av EU-domstolens dom kan det konstateras att den EU-aktör som vill säga upp ett avtal med en juridisk-, eller fysisk person och att detta inte ska vara i strid med den blockerande stadgan noggrant behöver överväga skälen för detta och konsekvenserna av uppsägningen. Det framgår också av EU-domstolens dom att den som vill säga upp ett avtal utan att riskera bryta mot den blockerande stadgan först ska ansöka om undantag från EU-kommissionen från förbudet i den blockerande stadgan att åtlyda extraterritoriell lagstiftning. En följd av detta för EU-aktörer kommer därför vara att de kommer behöva vidta ytterligare försiktighet i vilka de ingår avtal med gällande om de är eller kan bli sanktionerade samt om dessa kan utsätta EU-aktören för sanktionsrisk med negativa ekonomiska följder. Samma försiktighet kommer även krävas av en EU-aktör om de ska säga upp eller på annat sätt behöver vidta rättsliga åtgärder med en part som kan utsätta dem för sanktionsrisk. Följden av EU-domstolens dom är även att en EU aktör har bevisbördan för att dennes vidtagna åtgärder mot en part inte är för att följa extraterritoriell lagstiftning. Dessa klargörande av den blockerande stadgans tillämpning kan resultera i en övernitisk regelefterlevnad (på engelska overcompliance) som kan få följden att EU-aktörer väljer att inte genomföra affärer med sådana parter som utsätter dem för sanktionsrisk, fastän de inte riskerar att bryta mot den blockerande stadgan. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hellman, Lukas LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A reincarnation of the EU blocking statute following the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union C-124/20 or continued bear trap for EU actors and secondary sanctions?
course
JURM02 20212
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Sanctions, EU blocking regulation, extraterritorial, public international law, private international law
language
Swedish
id
9070683
date added to LUP
2022-02-02 13:35:11
date last changed
2022-02-02 13:35:11
@misc{9070683,
  abstract     = {{Since leaving the JCPOA, the United States has taken further sanction measures against, for example, Iran, but with the consequence that EU actors also can be sanctioned without having a connection to the United States, e.g., secondary sanctions. This is a form of extraterritorial legislation that the EU blocking regulation is intended to protect EU operators from. Although the blocking regulation is over twenty-five years old it has only been a few national cases until CJEU ruling C-124/20. With that, the application of the EU blocking regulation has been somewhat uncertain. Therefore, the few national cases that have existed have been the established practice on how the different national courts have reasoned and applied the EU blocking regulation and with what protection the EU blocking regulation has offered EU operators against US extraterritorial legislation. The application of the EU blocking regulation to EU operators has in the national courts been interpreted differently. In some cases, it has been given effect and, in some cases, it has not been given effect. CJEU ruling C-124/20, which came in late 2021, clarified when the prohibition for an EU operator on complying with the requirements or prohibitions laid down by the extraterritorial legislation adopted by the United States should apply. It applies to an EU operator even in the absence of an order or instruction directing compliance by an administrative or judicial authority. 

CJEU further states that the prohibition laid down in the EU blocking regulation can be relied on in civil proceedings in national courts in Member States in order to protect the established legal order and the interests of the European Union in general, with a view to achieving, to the greatest extent possible the objective of free movement of capital between Member States and third countries, as well as protecting the interests of the persons concerned. Furthermore, the CJEU found that an EU operator can terminate contracts concluded with a person that expose the EU operator for secondary sanction without providing reasons for the termination. However, in the context of civil proceedings concerning the alleged breach of the prohibition laid down by the regulation, it is the person to whom the prohibition is addressed who has the burden of proving, to the required legal standard, that the conduct; the termination of contracts, did not seek to comply with the US extraterritorial legislation referred to in the EU blocking regulation where, prima facie, that appears to be the case.

In the light of the ruling of the CJEU any EU operator who wishes to terminate an agreement with a part that exposes the EU operator to secondary sanctions needs to carefully consider the reasons for terminating the agreement and the consequences of the dismissal. It is also clear from the CJEU ruling that an EU operator who wants to terminate an agreement without risking violating the EU blocking regulation must first apply for an exeption from the European Commission from the ban in the blocking charter to comply with US extraterritorial legislation. A consequence of this for the EU operator will be that they will have to take additional precautions in who they enter into agreements with if they are or may be sanctioned and if these may expose the EU operator to sanction risk with negative financial consequences. The same caution will also be required if the EU operator need to take any legal action regarding a contract with a part that could expose them to the risk of sanctions. The consequence of the CJEU ruling is also that an EU operator has the burden of proof that measure taken was taken not to comply with extraterritorial legislation. These clarifications of the application of the blocking regulation may result in overcompliance. Meaning that EU operators do not choose to conduct business with such parties that expose them to sanction risk even though they do not risk violating the blocking regulation.}},
  author       = {{Hellman, Lukas}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{En reinkarnation av EU:s blockerande stadga efter EU-domstolens dom C-124/20 eller fortsättningsvis rävsax för EU-aktörer och sekundära sanktioner?}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}