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Pactum turpe - avvisning eller ogiltighet?

Helgesson, Axel LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Pactum turpe är principen om avtal i strid med lag och goda seder. Principen har sina rötter i antika Rom och har i dag motsvarigheter i flera europeiska rättsordningar. Trots principens ålder finns det flera frågor kring pactum turpe.

Avtalsfrihet är utgångspunkten i svensk avtalsrätt. Det finns dock flertalet undantag till avtalsfriheten. Det finns bland annat flera regler som stadgar att vissa avtal är helt förbjudna och andra som stadgar att avtal måste ingås på ett visst sätt. Gemensamt för dessa regler är att om en tvist uppstår kring dem, och det visar sig att reglerna har överträtts, så leder det till en ogillande dom. Avtalen prövas alltså i sak. Pactum turpe följer emellertid inte detta mönster. Avtal som strider mot lag... (More)
Pactum turpe är principen om avtal i strid med lag och goda seder. Principen har sina rötter i antika Rom och har i dag motsvarigheter i flera europeiska rättsordningar. Trots principens ålder finns det flera frågor kring pactum turpe.

Avtalsfrihet är utgångspunkten i svensk avtalsrätt. Det finns dock flertalet undantag till avtalsfriheten. Det finns bland annat flera regler som stadgar att vissa avtal är helt förbjudna och andra som stadgar att avtal måste ingås på ett visst sätt. Gemensamt för dessa regler är att om en tvist uppstår kring dem, och det visar sig att reglerna har överträtts, så leder det till en ogillande dom. Avtalen prövas alltså i sak. Pactum turpe följer emellertid inte detta mönster. Avtal som strider mot lag eller goda seder kan i vissa fall leda till avvisning.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att få förståelse för varför pactum turpe i vissa fall leder till avvisning. Syftet uppnås genom att analysera under vilka förutsättningar som pactum turpe kan avvisas samt genom att undersöka vilka rättspolitiska överväganden som ligger bakom avvisningsmöjligheten. Dessa överväganden vägs sedan mot kritik för att avgöra om de är tillräckliga för att rättfärdiga avvisning, eller om huvudregeln om prövning i sak istället bör genomföras av domstolen. Efter genomgång av relevant praxis kunde en bedömningsmodell tas fram som visar vilka förutsättningar som måste vara uppfyllda för att en talan ska kunna avvisas med hänvisning till pactum turpe.

Vad gäller de rättspolitiska skälen som ligger bakom avvisningsmöjligheten kunde två olika skäl utrönas. Det ena av dessa handlade om processekonomiska fördelar. Det visade sig emellertid att de processekonomiska fördelarna troligtvis är obefintliga eftersom det krävs att domstolen prövar målet materiellt. Vidare är det inte förenligt med art. 6.1 EKMR och europadomstolens praxis att avvisa en talan med hänvisning till processekonomiska fördelar.

Det andra skälet kallas i denna uppsats för anseende-skälet. Argumentet går ut på att domstolen skulle förlora anseende om de prövade pactum turpe samt att domstolen tydliggör hur förkastligt den ser på sådana typer av avtal genom att avvisa talan. Det finns emellertid inget stöd för att sådana premisser kan tas som sanna. Vidare är det även systemfrämmande eftersom andra typer av förkastliga avtal prövas i sak, utan att domstolen är beaktar risken för att förlora anseende. I likhet med det processekonomiska skälet så är det inte förenligt med art. 6.1 EKMR och europadomstolens praxis att avvisa en talan med hänvisning till anseende-skälet.

Det visade sig alltså att de skäl som ligger bakom avvisningsmöjligheten inte var tillräckliga för att rättfärdiga avvisning av pactum turpe. (Less)
Abstract
Pactum turpe is the principle of agreements in violation of law or good customs. The principle has its roots in ancient Rome and today has counterparts in several European legal orders. Despite the age of the principle, there are several questions surrounding pactum turpe.

Freedom of contract is the main rule in Swedish contract law. However, there are several exceptions to freedom of contract. Among other things, there are several rules that stipulate that some contracts are completely prohibited and others that stipulate that contracts must be concluded in a certain way. Common to these rules is that if a dispute arises regarding them, and it turns out that the rules have been violated, then it leads to a disapproving judgment. The... (More)
Pactum turpe is the principle of agreements in violation of law or good customs. The principle has its roots in ancient Rome and today has counterparts in several European legal orders. Despite the age of the principle, there are several questions surrounding pactum turpe.

Freedom of contract is the main rule in Swedish contract law. However, there are several exceptions to freedom of contract. Among other things, there are several rules that stipulate that some contracts are completely prohibited and others that stipulate that contracts must be concluded in a certain way. Common to these rules is that if a dispute arises regarding them, and it turns out that the rules have been violated, then it leads to a disapproving judgment. The agreements are in other words examined on the merits. However, Pactum turpe does not follow this pattern. Agreements that are in violation to law or good customs may in some cases lead to rejection.

The purpose of the essay is to gain an understanding of why pactum turpe in some cases leads to rejection. The aim is achieved by analyzing the conditions under which pactum turpe can be rejected and by examining the legal policy considerations underlying the possibility of rejection. These considerations are then weighed against criticism to determine whether they are sufficient to justify rejection, or whether the general rule of adjudication on the merits should instead be implemented by the court. After reviewing the relevant practice, an assessment model could be developed showing the conditions that must be met for an action to be rejected on the grounds of pactum turpe.

As regards the legal policy reasons underlying the possibility of rejection, two distinct reasons could be ascertained. One of these was about economic benefits. However, it turned out that the economic benefits are likely non-existent since it is necessary for the court to examine the case substantively. Further, it is not compatible with art. 6.1. The ECHR and the case-law of the ECtHR to dismiss an action on the grounds of economic advantages.

The second reason is referred to in this essay as the reputation reason. The argument is that the court would lose reputation if they tried pactum turpe and that the court makes clear how reprehensible it views such types of agreements by rejecting the action. However, there is no support that such premises can be taken as true. Furthermore, it is also systemically alien since other types of reprehensible contracts are examined on the merits, without the court considering the risk of losing reputation. Like the process economics reason, it is not compatible with art. 6.1. The ECHR and the case-law of the ECtHR to dismiss an action as inadmissible on the basis of the reputation reason.

Thus, it turned out that the reasons underlying the possibility of rejection were not sufficient to justify the rejection of pactum turpe. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Helgesson, Axel LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Pactum turpe - rejection or invalidity?
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
pactum turpe, pactum, turpe, avtal i strid med lag, avtal i strid med goda seder, avtal, avtalsrätt, civilrätt, private law, förmögenhetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9079909
date added to LUP
2022-06-14 09:31:41
date last changed
2022-06-14 09:31:41
@misc{9079909,
  abstract     = {{Pactum turpe is the principle of agreements in violation of law or good customs. The principle has its roots in ancient Rome and today has counterparts in several European legal orders. Despite the age of the principle, there are several questions surrounding pactum turpe. 

Freedom of contract is the main rule in Swedish contract law. However, there are several exceptions to freedom of contract. Among other things, there are several rules that stipulate that some contracts are completely prohibited and others that stipulate that contracts must be concluded in a certain way. Common to these rules is that if a dispute arises regarding them, and it turns out that the rules have been violated, then it leads to a disapproving judgment. The agreements are in other words examined on the merits. However, Pactum turpe does not follow this pattern. Agreements that are in violation to law or good customs may in some cases lead to rejection. 

The purpose of the essay is to gain an understanding of why pactum turpe in some cases leads to rejection. The aim is achieved by analyzing the conditions under which pactum turpe can be rejected and by examining the legal policy considerations underlying the possibility of rejection. These considerations are then weighed against criticism to determine whether they are sufficient to justify rejection, or whether the general rule of adjudication on the merits should instead be implemented by the court. After reviewing the relevant practice, an assessment model could be developed showing the conditions that must be met for an action to be rejected on the grounds of pactum turpe.

As regards the legal policy reasons underlying the possibility of rejection, two distinct reasons could be ascertained. One of these was about economic benefits. However, it turned out that the economic benefits are likely non-existent since it is necessary for the court to examine the case substantively. Further, it is not compatible with art. 6.1. The ECHR and the case-law of the ECtHR to dismiss an action on the grounds of economic advantages.

The second reason is referred to in this essay as the reputation reason. The argument is that the court would lose reputation if they tried pactum turpe and that the court makes clear how reprehensible it views such types of agreements by rejecting the action. However, there is no support that such premises can be taken as true. Furthermore, it is also systemically alien since other types of reprehensible contracts are examined on the merits, without the court considering the risk of losing reputation. Like the process economics reason, it is not compatible with art. 6.1. The ECHR and the case-law of the ECtHR to dismiss an action as inadmissible on the basis of the reputation reason.

Thus, it turned out that the reasons underlying the possibility of rejection were not sufficient to justify the rejection of pactum turpe.}},
  author       = {{Helgesson, Axel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Pactum turpe - avvisning eller ogiltighet?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}