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Sakkunnigbeviset - En undersökning över sakkunnigreglernas möjligheter och begränsningar

Johansson, Alice LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Reglerna i rättegångsbalken (1942:740) som reglerar användandet av sakkunnigbevisning har i princip inte förändrats sedan balken trädde ikraft på början av 1940-talet. Detta har skapat en slags obalans mellan hur rättsordningen föreskriver att sakkunnigbevisningen ska tillämpas och hur användandet av sakkunniga faktiskt ser ut i praktiken.
Uppsatsen inleds med en historisk tillbakablick där bland annat bakgrunden till sakkunnigreglerna i 40 kap. RB behandlas. Därefter följer dels en redogörelse för den sakkunniges uppgift; att bidra med särskilda erfarenhetsatser, dels beskrivning av de svenska reglernas brist på sakkunnigtvång. Vidare fastslås att det finns en princip som innebär att parterna ska ha lika tillgång till information i... (More)
Reglerna i rättegångsbalken (1942:740) som reglerar användandet av sakkunnigbevisning har i princip inte förändrats sedan balken trädde ikraft på början av 1940-talet. Detta har skapat en slags obalans mellan hur rättsordningen föreskriver att sakkunnigbevisningen ska tillämpas och hur användandet av sakkunniga faktiskt ser ut i praktiken.
Uppsatsen inleds med en historisk tillbakablick där bland annat bakgrunden till sakkunnigreglerna i 40 kap. RB behandlas. Därefter följer dels en redogörelse för den sakkunniges uppgift; att bidra med särskilda erfarenhetsatser, dels beskrivning av de svenska reglernas brist på sakkunnigtvång. Vidare fastslås att det finns en princip som innebär att parterna ska ha lika tillgång till information i rättegångsprocessen och att bevisföringen ska vara fri. Vad dessa betyder för sakkunnigreglernas del finns det emellertid inga givna svar på.
Uppsatsen undersöker därefter förhållandet mellan sakkunniga och vittnen. Det har visat sig vara svårt för såväl domstolar som parter att skilja på dessa båda bevismedel vilket skapat en hel del problem, inte minst eftersom vittnesreglerna i 36 kap. RB i huvudsak ska tillämpas avseende partssakkunniga. Därefter redogörs för bristen på inomprocessuella efterforsknings-och anskaffningsmetoder avseende sakkunnigbeviset inom svensk rätt. Editionsreglerna får endast tillämpas på sakkunnigutlåtanden som är ”unika”, varför en part som vill komma åt ett sakkunnigutlåtande som motparten innehar får förlita sig på utomprocessuella metoder för att kunna bevaka sin rätt.
Uppsatsen fortsätter sedan genom att belysa problemet att svensk rätt inte heller innehåller någon regel som tillåter en part att kräva komplettering av ett sakkunnigutlåtande som dennes motpart har åberopat. Bristen på reglering riskerar att medföra en orättvis fördelning av informationen i rättegången. När den part som anlitat den sakkunnige erhåller ett utförligare utlåtande vinner denne en stor fördel som kan utnyttjas för att överrumpla motparten vid huvudförhandlingen. Parterna blir, mot bakgrund av detta, inte längre likställda i processen.
Frågan om rätten har möjlighet att, av olika anledningar, avvisa ett sakkunnigutlåtande som en part åberopat verkar vara liten. De stränga avvisningsreglerna kan tyckas öppna upp för en verklighet där parterna använder oetiska medel för att anskaffa den bevisning de behöver. Det faktum att regelverket gällande sakkunnigbevisning brister i detta avseende ger emellertid inte parterna något annat val.
Uppsatsen kommer till slutsatsen att sakkunnigreglerna i 40 kap. RB behöver ses över för att inte rättssäkerheten ska sättas ur spel. HD har varit ovilliga att tolka och utvidga tillämpningen av de nuvarande reglerna, vilket har skapat ett stillastående läge som ingen vinner på. Skyddet för den sakkunniges egenintresse har satts i första rummet och parternas möjligheter att tillvarata sin rätt har fått kliva åt sidan. Slutsatsen blir således att de regler som finns idag inte tillgodoser rättsskyddet i tillräcklig mån och inte korrelerar med den verklighet vi lever i, där partssakkunniga används i betydligt större utsträckning än domstolssakkunniga. (Less)
Abstract
The rules in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that regulates the use of expert evidence have not been revised since The Code entered into force in the early 1940s. This has created a sort of imbalance between how the legal system intends the rules on expert evidence to be applied and what the use of trial experts actually looks like in practice.
The essay begins with a historical background where, among other things, the origin of the rules on expert evidence in chapter 40 of The Code is discussed. This is followed by a report on some parts regarding the use of expert evidence which are important to understand. Mainly that the expert’s role is to contribute with special experience to the trial process and that a person can never be... (More)
The rules in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that regulates the use of expert evidence have not been revised since The Code entered into force in the early 1940s. This has created a sort of imbalance between how the legal system intends the rules on expert evidence to be applied and what the use of trial experts actually looks like in practice.
The essay begins with a historical background where, among other things, the origin of the rules on expert evidence in chapter 40 of The Code is discussed. This is followed by a report on some parts regarding the use of expert evidence which are important to understand. Mainly that the expert’s role is to contribute with special experience to the trial process and that a person can never be forced to act as a trial expert. Furthermore, the essay states that there is a principle meaning that parteis must have equal acess to information in the trial process and that the presentation of evidence must be free. However, there are no given answers as to how these principles affect the rules on expert evidence.
The essay then examines the relationship between experts and wtinesses. It has been proven difficult for both courts and parties to distinguish between these two different types of evidence, which has caused a lot of problems, in particular beacuse the rules regarding witnesses in chapter 36 of The Code are also applicable on experts appointed by the parties. Thereafter the essay gives a report on the lack of in-procedural research and acqusition methods regarding expert evidence in Swedish law. The Swedish rules on disclosure only applies to statements written by experts that are ”unique”, which causes a situation where a party who wants access to a statement written by an expert hired by the counterpart has to rely on extra-procedural methods to claim their rights.
The essay continues by highlighting the problems that are caused by the fact that Swedish law does not contain a rule that allows a party to demand completion of a statement written by an expert hired by the counterpart. The lack of regulation risks leading to an unfair distribution of information in the trial process. When the hiring party receives a more detailed statement, he or she gains a great advantage that can be used to surprise the other party during the main hearing. In light of this, the parties will no longer be equal in the process.
The ability for the court to, for various reasons, reject a statement from an expert that one of the parties has invoked is seemingly small. This may lead to a situation where the parties use unethical methods to obtain the evidence they need. However, the fact that the regulation regarding expert evidence is lacking in this regard does not seem to give the parties any other choice.
The essay comes to the conclusion that the expert rules in chapter 40 of The Code needs to be reviewed so that equal treatment and legal certainty is not taken aside. The Supreme Court has been reluctant to interpret and expand the application of the current rules, which has created a stagnant situation where no one is a winner. The expert privilege and the protection of their self-interest has always been put first and the parties’ ability to exercise their rights has been set aside. Thus, the conclusion is that the existing rules do not satisfy judicial protection and do not correlate with the reality that is today, where experts hired by the parties are used in a much greater extent than experts hired by the court. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Johansson, Alice LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Expert evidence - a study on the rules of expert evidence
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, processrätt, sakkunnigbevisning, sakkunnigregler, experter, sakkunnig
language
Swedish
id
9079968
date added to LUP
2022-06-15 19:31:24
date last changed
2022-06-15 19:31:24
@misc{9079968,
  abstract     = {{The rules in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure that regulates the use of expert evidence have not been revised since The Code entered into force in the early 1940s. This has created a sort of imbalance between how the legal system intends the rules on expert evidence to be applied and what the use of trial experts actually looks like in practice.
The essay begins with a historical background where, among other things, the origin of the rules on expert evidence in chapter 40 of The Code is discussed. This is followed by a report on some parts regarding the use of expert evidence which are important to understand. Mainly that the expert’s role is to contribute with special experience to the trial process and that a person can never be forced to act as a trial expert. Furthermore, the essay states that there is a principle meaning that parteis must have equal acess to information in the trial process and that the presentation of evidence must be free. However, there are no given answers as to how these principles affect the rules on expert evidence.
The essay then examines the relationship between experts and wtinesses. It has been proven difficult for both courts and parties to distinguish between these two different types of evidence, which has caused a lot of problems, in particular beacuse the rules regarding witnesses in chapter 36 of The Code are also applicable on experts appointed by the parties. Thereafter the essay gives a report on the lack of in-procedural research and acqusition methods regarding expert evidence in Swedish law. The Swedish rules on disclosure only applies to statements written by experts that are ”unique”, which causes a situation where a party who wants access to a statement written by an expert hired by the counterpart has to rely on extra-procedural methods to claim their rights.
The essay continues by highlighting the problems that are caused by the fact that Swedish law does not contain a rule that allows a party to demand completion of a statement written by an expert hired by the counterpart. The lack of regulation risks leading to an unfair distribution of information in the trial process. When the hiring party receives a more detailed statement, he or she gains a great advantage that can be used to surprise the other party during the main hearing. In light of this, the parties will no longer be equal in the process.
The ability for the court to, for various reasons, reject a statement from an expert that one of the parties has invoked is seemingly small. This may lead to a situation where the parties use unethical methods to obtain the evidence they need. However, the fact that the regulation regarding expert evidence is lacking in this regard does not seem to give the parties any other choice. 
The essay comes to the conclusion that the expert rules in chapter 40 of The Code needs to be reviewed so that equal treatment and legal certainty is not taken aside. The Supreme Court has been reluctant to interpret and expand the application of the current rules, which has created a stagnant situation where no one is a winner. The expert privilege and the protection of their self-interest has always been put first and the parties’ ability to exercise their rights has been set aside. Thus, the conclusion is that the existing rules do not satisfy judicial protection and do not correlate with the reality that is today, where experts hired by the parties are used in a much greater extent than experts hired by the court.}},
  author       = {{Johansson, Alice}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Sakkunnigbeviset - En undersökning över sakkunnigreglernas möjligheter och begränsningar}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}