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Abandonering i svensk rätt - En de lege ferenda analys av abandoneringsinstitutet i svensk rätt med komparativa utgångspunkter

Cuperus, Rick LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Swedish law does not have a statutory provision regarding abandonment (UK: disclaimer of onerous property), the right for a bankruptcy estate to disown property with a legally binding effect, meaning that the estate does not answer to any obligations connected to the disowned property. However, The Swedish Supreme Court has in its ruling NJA 2004 s. 777 established that a trustee’s decision to abandon property can constitute an acceptable management measure, and is therefore considered to be a lawful action. This precedent has though been heavily criticized since it has given rise to practical inconveniences and a handful of unanswered legal difficulties.

This thesis aims to investigate whether or not Swedish law should incorporate a... (More)
Swedish law does not have a statutory provision regarding abandonment (UK: disclaimer of onerous property), the right for a bankruptcy estate to disown property with a legally binding effect, meaning that the estate does not answer to any obligations connected to the disowned property. However, The Swedish Supreme Court has in its ruling NJA 2004 s. 777 established that a trustee’s decision to abandon property can constitute an acceptable management measure, and is therefore considered to be a lawful action. This precedent has though been heavily criticized since it has given rise to practical inconveniences and a handful of unanswered legal difficulties.

This thesis aims to investigate whether or not Swedish law should incorporate a statutory abandonment provision. To fulfill this purpose, this thesis first and foremost defines what ought to be abandonment’s position in Swedish law. NJA 2004 s. 777 and a number of verdicts from The Swedish Supreme Court and the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal respectively will act as a point of departure for this investigation. Relevant comments and discussions in doctrine are also presented. Thereafter, this thesis will investigate abandonment’s legal position in Norway and the Netherlands. Finally, this thesis will identify and discuss the different aspects that must be taken into consideration when designing a statutory abandonment provision.

This thesis identifies a handful of undesirable consequences because of the above-named verdict. The Swedish Supreme Court ruled that a decision to abandon property can be revoked by the trustee. This stance however, means that trustees can speculate with property at the expense of their debtors. Also, question marks are being raised whether or not abandonment can be done with full discharge of any liabilities. Since the decision can be revoked whenever, the property at hand never actually leaves the bankruptcy estate’s sphere of legal power. The Supreme Court has not either shed any light on how the right to abandonment responds to obligations that derive from environmental law or tax law. However, the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal has in its verdict MÖD 2015:19 ruled that a bankruptcy estate can not abandon property to avoid any environmental obligations. The premises set for abandonment in NJA 2004 s. 777 can thus be said to be poorly tailored to other laws already in place.

This thesis’ comparative findings show a broad right to abandonment in Norway, prescribed by a detailed statutory provision. The trustee must document the time and date when a decision is made, since this is when the decision’s legal effects enter into force. The provision also describes that the debtor must account for any arisen surplus if abandoned property were to be sold. Two interesting aspects can be found in Norwegian doctrine. First of all, even property with environmental obligations can be abandoned. Secondly, the trustee can be considered to be obligated to abandon property if this leads to the best outcome for the bankruptcy estate. The right to abandonment is not as generous in the Netherlands. A statutory provision grants abandonment to the debtor for compassionate reasons, but this right is being used much more freely in practice. Through a series of verdicts it has been established that property with a negative value can not be abandoned by the estate, this approach is fueled by a stance that third parties shall not have to bear the costs of the negative property.

Finally, this thesis identifies a number of aspects that should be considered when designing a statutory abandonment provision. First and foremost, both formal requirements and the legal effects of the decision should be part of the provision. Additionally, the provision should regulate how, and when, a decision to abandon property can be revoked. Also, the issue of revocation in regards to other unaffiliated third parties must be addressed. In my opinion, a Swedish statutory provision should also prescribe that debtors must account for any surplus if abandoned property were to be sold. Last but not least, a future statutory provision should offer clear answers as to how the right to abandonment correlates to any environmental and/or tax obligations that burden the property at hand. Regarding those obligations, this thesis also offers an alternative argument to justify any environmental liabilities for the bankruptcy estate. This is because, as this thesis will show, the argument used by the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal is not legally valid. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Svensk rätt innehåller ingen lagstadgad rätt till abandonering, en rättsfigur som innebär att konkursboet avstår från viss egendom och därmed även undgår de rättsliga förpliktelser kopplade till den egendomen. HD har dock genom rättsfallet NJA 2004 s. 777 slagit fast att abandonering kan utgöra en försvarlig förvaltningsåtgärd från konkursförvaltarens sida och därmed vara godtagbart. Detta prejudikat har kritiserats hårt och argumenterats ge upphov till en mängd olika juridiska, och praktiska, otympligheter.

Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda huruvida det bör införas en lagstadgad rätt till abandonering. Denna utredning görs genom att först och främst kartlägga rättsläget i och med NJA 2004 s. 777 och ett antal efterkommande domar... (More)
Svensk rätt innehåller ingen lagstadgad rätt till abandonering, en rättsfigur som innebär att konkursboet avstår från viss egendom och därmed även undgår de rättsliga förpliktelser kopplade till den egendomen. HD har dock genom rättsfallet NJA 2004 s. 777 slagit fast att abandonering kan utgöra en försvarlig förvaltningsåtgärd från konkursförvaltarens sida och därmed vara godtagbart. Detta prejudikat har kritiserats hårt och argumenterats ge upphov till en mängd olika juridiska, och praktiska, otympligheter.

Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda huruvida det bör införas en lagstadgad rätt till abandonering. Denna utredning görs genom att först och främst kartlägga rättsläget i och med NJA 2004 s. 777 och ett antal efterkommande domar från HD respektive MÖD – likaså redogörs för diskussionen i doktrin. Därefter kartläggs rättsläget i Norge och Nederländerna. Tyngdpunkten i denna uppsats ligger i att därefter identifiera de aspekter som bör beaktas vid utformandet av ett lagreglerat abandoneringsinstitut.

Resultatet av kartläggandet av det svenska rättsläget i och med NJA 2004 s. 777 visar på en mängd oönskvärda konsekvenser, likaså obesvarade frågor. HD slog i målet fast att ett abandoneringsbeslut kan återkallas av konkursboet. Detta förhållningssätt har som konsekvens att konkursboet dels tillåts spekulera på konkursgäldenärens bekostnad, dels anses det tveksamt huruvida abandonering i praktiken kan ske med befriande verkan då egendomen inte lämnas konkursboets rådighetssfär. Likväl är det utifrån HD:s knapphändiga argumentation inte möjligt att utläsa hur rätten till abandonering enligt 2004 års fall förhåller sig till offentligrättsliga förpliktelser av skatterättslig respektive miljörättslig karaktär. MÖD har däremot i MÖD 2015:19 slagit fast att ett konkursbo inte abandonera egendom för att undgå miljörättsliga förpliktelser som följer för den som anses vara verksamhetsutövare. Lösningen som presenterats i 2004 års fall kan således sägas vara illa skräddarsydd i förhållande till övriga rättsområden.

Uppsatsens komparativa utredning visar att det föreligger en generös rätt till abandonering i Norge. Landet har en lagstadgad rätt till abandonering och den dominerande uppfattningen i doktrin tycks vara att även egendom förenad med offentligrättsliga förpliktelser kan abandoneras. Regleringen innehåller bland annat ett formkrav (skriftlighet) och att tidpunkt och datum ska anges. Det är från och med detta angivna datum abandoneringens rättsverkningar träder i kraft. Denna reglering innehåller även en redovisningsskyldighet för gäldenären för det fall denne säljer den abandonerade egendomen med ett överskott. Värt att nämna är dessutom att det i norsk doktrin argumenterats föreligga en skyldighet till att abandonera för det fall det bidrar till den bästa ekonomiska lösningen för konkursboet. Nederländsk rätt innehåller i stället en lagreglering som tillåter abandonering till förmån av konkursgäldenären (i egenskap av fysisk person) av barmhärtighetsskäl. Denna rätt tillämpas dock friare i praktiken. Genom en rad olika rättsfall har dock slagits fast att egendom med ett negativt värde inte kan abandoneras, detta eftersom utomstående tredje man inte rimligen ska drabbas av kostnaderna förknippade med egendomen.

Slutligen identifieras i uppsatsen ett antal aspekter som bör beaktas vid utformandet av ett lagstadgat abandoneringsinstitut. Först och främst bör eventuella formkrav för abandoneringsbeslutet tydligt framgå av regleringen, likaså rättsverkningarna av beslutet. Ett abandoneringsinstitut bör dessutom innehålla en föreskrift om hur, och när, återkallelse av abandoneringsbeslutet ska ske. I samband med detta bör lagregleringen även ge svar på hur denna återkallelserätt förhåller sig till tredje man. Ett abandoneringsinstitut bör enligt mig även förenas med en redovisningsskyldighet för konkursgäldenären, innebärande att denne är skyldig konkursboet eventuella överskott om denne skulle sälja abandonerad egendom. Sist men inte minst bör en abandoneringsreglering innehålla tydliga svar kring hur rätten till abandonering förhåller sig till offentligrättsliga förpliktelser. Vad gäller offentligrättsliga förpliktelser presenteras dessutom en alternativ argumentationslinje för att rättfärdiga ett eventuellt miljörättsligt ansvar för konkursbon än vad som användes av MÖD i MÖD 2015:19. Som denna framställning nämligen ska visa byggde MÖD sin argumentation i målet på ett ohållbart förhållningssätt. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Cuperus, Rick LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Abandonment in Swedish law - A de lege ferenda analysis av abandonment in Sweden
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt, insolvensrätt
language
Swedish
id
9080378
date added to LUP
2022-06-11 08:41:41
date last changed
2022-06-11 08:41:41
@misc{9080378,
  abstract     = {{Swedish law does not have a statutory provision regarding abandonment (UK: disclaimer of onerous property), the right for a bankruptcy estate to disown property with a legally binding effect, meaning that the estate does not answer to any obligations connected to the disowned property. However, The Swedish Supreme Court has in its ruling NJA 2004 s. 777 established that a trustee’s decision to abandon property can constitute an acceptable management measure, and is therefore considered to be a lawful action. This precedent has though been heavily criticized since it has given rise to practical inconveniences and a handful of unanswered legal difficulties.

This thesis aims to investigate whether or not Swedish law should incorporate a statutory abandonment provision. To fulfill this purpose, this thesis first and foremost defines what ought to be abandonment’s position in Swedish law. NJA 2004 s. 777 and a number of verdicts from The Swedish Supreme Court and the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal respectively will act as a point of departure for this investigation. Relevant comments and discussions in doctrine are also presented. Thereafter, this thesis will investigate abandonment’s legal position in Norway and the Netherlands. Finally, this thesis will identify and discuss the different aspects that must be taken into consideration when designing a statutory abandonment provision.

This thesis identifies a handful of undesirable consequences because of the above-named verdict. The Swedish Supreme Court ruled that a decision to abandon property can be revoked by the trustee. This stance however, means that trustees can speculate with property at the expense of their debtors. Also, question marks are being raised whether or not abandonment can be done with full discharge of any liabilities. Since the decision can be revoked whenever, the property at hand never actually leaves the bankruptcy estate’s sphere of legal power. The Supreme Court has not either shed any light on how the right to abandonment responds to obligations that derive from environmental law or tax law. However, the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal has in its verdict MÖD 2015:19 ruled that a bankruptcy estate can not abandon property to avoid any environmental obligations. The premises set for abandonment in NJA 2004 s. 777 can thus be said to be poorly tailored to other laws already in place.

This thesis’ comparative findings show a broad right to abandonment in Norway, prescribed by a detailed statutory provision. The trustee must document the time and date when a decision is made, since this is when the decision’s legal effects enter into force. The provision also describes that the debtor must account for any arisen surplus if abandoned property were to be sold. Two interesting aspects can be found in Norwegian doctrine. First of all, even property with environmental obligations can be abandoned. Secondly, the trustee can be considered to be obligated to abandon property if this leads to the best outcome for the bankruptcy estate. The right to abandonment is not as generous in the Netherlands. A statutory provision grants abandonment to the debtor for compassionate reasons, but this right is being used much more freely in practice. Through a series of verdicts it has been established that property with a negative value can not be abandoned by the estate, this approach is fueled by a stance that third parties shall not have to bear the costs of the negative property.

Finally, this thesis identifies a number of aspects that should be considered when designing a statutory abandonment provision. First and foremost, both formal requirements and the legal effects of the decision should be part of the provision. Additionally, the provision should regulate how, and when, a decision to abandon property can be revoked. Also, the issue of revocation in regards to other unaffiliated third parties must be addressed. In my opinion, a Swedish statutory provision should also prescribe that debtors must account for any surplus if abandoned property were to be sold. Last but not least, a future statutory provision should offer clear answers as to how the right to abandonment correlates to any environmental and/or tax obligations that burden the property at hand. Regarding those obligations, this thesis also offers an alternative argument to justify any environmental liabilities for the bankruptcy estate. This is because, as this thesis will show, the argument used by the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal is not legally valid.}},
  author       = {{Cuperus, Rick}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Abandonering i svensk rätt - En de lege ferenda analys av abandoneringsinstitutet i svensk rätt med komparativa utgångspunkter}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}