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Rent konstlade upplägg - doktrinens utveckling och dess EU-skatterättsliga innebörd

Hellberg, Erik LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Skatterätten inom Europeiska unionen har under många år varit under konstant utveckling. EU-skatterätten är ett mångfacetterat område genom att det i vissa avseenden skett en harmonisering, medan skatterätten inom andra områden kvarstår som en del av medlemsstaternas suveräna lagstiftningar. Det sagda har givit upphov till att vissa delar av skatterätten, inte minst gällande företagsbeskattningen på den direkta beskattningens område i förhållande till etableringsfriheten, kännetecknas av stor oklarhet.

En stor del av rättsutvecklingen på företagsbeskattningens område inom EU har skett genom EU-domstolens förhandsavgöranden. Syftet med uppsatsen är därmed att redogöra för EU-domstolens betydelse för den skatterättsliga utvecklingen inom... (More)
Skatterätten inom Europeiska unionen har under många år varit under konstant utveckling. EU-skatterätten är ett mångfacetterat område genom att det i vissa avseenden skett en harmonisering, medan skatterätten inom andra områden kvarstår som en del av medlemsstaternas suveräna lagstiftningar. Det sagda har givit upphov till att vissa delar av skatterätten, inte minst gällande företagsbeskattningen på den direkta beskattningens område i förhållande till etableringsfriheten, kännetecknas av stor oklarhet.

En stor del av rättsutvecklingen på företagsbeskattningens område inom EU har skett genom EU-domstolens förhandsavgöranden. Syftet med uppsatsen är därmed att redogöra för EU-domstolens betydelse för den skatterättsliga utvecklingen inom EU. Vidare är syftet att undersöka en specifik del av EU-domstolens praxis, rent konstlade upplägg, och vad begreppet faktiskt innehåller. EU-domstolen har i en rad skatterättsmål indirekt förklarat nationella lagstiftningar, vilka haft till syfte att motverka skatteflykt, vara i strid med etableringsfriheten på grund av att de träffat annat än bara rent konstlade upplägg. Det torde därför vara av stor betydelse för den fortsatta skatterättsutvecklingen inom EU att det råder klarhet kring vad rent konstlade upplägg faktiskt innebär.

Av redogörelsen och sedermera analysen kan sammanfattningsvis konstateras att den doktrin om rent konstlade upplägg som EU-domstolen skapat, innebär ett krav på att ett förfarande är 100% skattebetingat. Den innebörd som EUD givit doktrinen medför att vid förekomsten av någon form av affärsmässighet i en bolagskoncerns upplägg, ska skatteflyktslagstiftningen i fråga inte kunna rättfärdigas enligt EU-rätten. I analysen konstateras emellertid att rent konstlade upplägg-doktrinen delvis kan ha tappat signifikans genom att EUD kombinerar skatteflyktsgrunden med andra rättfärdigandegrunder, vilket således kan medföra att förekomsten av en affärsmässighet i ett upplägg, som en nationell lagstiftning tillämpas på, inte nödvändigtvis gör att lagstiftningen är i strid med gemenskapsrätten. Det sagda ändrar inte innebörden av ett rent konstlat upplägg, men får likväl betydelse för dess praktiska betydelse inom EU-skatterätten.

I uppsatsen konstateras vidare att rent konstlade upplägg-doktrinen innehåller vissa betänkligheter. EUD:s uttalanden leder till en oklarhet avseende hur de uppställda kriterierna ska tillämpas i praktiken. Det sagda samt domstolens uttalanden om bolagens möjlighet eller ansvar att visa på de objektivt relevanta omständigheterna innehåller en del förutsebarhets- och rättssäkerhetsaspekter. EUD:s praxis kan göra det svårt för bolag med gränsöverskridande etablering att dels veta huruvida ett upplägg är ett lagligt utnyttjande av den fria etableringsrätten eller om det utgör ett EU-stridigt rent konstlat upplägg, dels hur bolagen ska föra sin talan inför de nationella domstolarna. (Less)
Abstract
The tax law in the European union has been under constant development for many years. It is a multifaceted area of the EU law due to the fact that harmonization has taken place in some areas of the EU tax law, but in some aspects, it still falls under the sovereignty of the member states. This has led to the EU tax law, especially the corporate taxation in the area of direct taxation, in relation to the freedom of establishment, being characterized by great ambiguity.

A large part of the legal development in the field of corporate taxation has taken place through the preliminary rulings of the European Court of Justice. The scope of this essay is therefore to examine and explain the Court’s significance for the development of the... (More)
The tax law in the European union has been under constant development for many years. It is a multifaceted area of the EU law due to the fact that harmonization has taken place in some areas of the EU tax law, but in some aspects, it still falls under the sovereignty of the member states. This has led to the EU tax law, especially the corporate taxation in the area of direct taxation, in relation to the freedom of establishment, being characterized by great ambiguity.

A large part of the legal development in the field of corporate taxation has taken place through the preliminary rulings of the European Court of Justice. The scope of this essay is therefore to examine and explain the Court’s significance for the development of the European tax law. Furthermore, the thesis aims to examine a more specific part of the case law of the European Court of Justice, namely the meaning of wholly artificial arrangements. The Court has in a number of tax rulings indirectly declared several national legislations, whose purpose have been to counteract tax evasion, of being in conflict with the freedom of establishment due to the fact that they have been applicable to a broader scope than solely wholly artificial arrangements. It is therefore of great importance for the continued development of the European corporate tax law that there is a broader understanding of the actual content of wholly artificial arrangements.

It can be summarized by the report and the analysis that the wholly artificial arrangements doctrine, which has been designed and developed by the European Court of Justice, constitutes a one hundred percent requirement of an arrangement being made for tax reasons. The meaning which the Court has given the doctrine entails that in the presence of any form of commerciality in the arrangement made by a company group, the tax evasion legislation in question should not be able to be justified under the union law. In the analysis it is however stated that the wholly artificial arrangements doctrine has partially decreased in its practical significance, due to the fact that the Court has opened up to the possibility of two or more grounds of justification to be in combination with each other, leading to a greater opportunity for tax evasion legislations being justified under the union law. Therefore, the presence of a certain amount of commerciality in an arrangement, on which a member states legislation applies to, does not necessarily mean that the legislation in question is in breach of EU law. What has been said here does not change the meaning of a wholly artificial arrangement, but it is nevertheless important for the practical significance of the doctrine in the EU tax law.

In the thesis it is furthermore stated that the wholly artificial arrangement doctrine brings certain concerns. The case law of the Court leads to an ambiguity as to how the specific criteria are to be applied in practice. In combination with the Court’s statements regarding companies’ possibility or responsibility to demonstrate the objectively relevant circumstances, this risks to affect the predictability and the legal certainty of the union tax law. The Court’s case law regarding wholly artificial arrangements can make it difficult for company groups with cross-border establishments to know whether a scheme is a legal exercise of the right of establishment or if it constitutes a wholly artificial arrangement and therefore is a breach of the union tax law, and also to know how the companies should bring their case before the national courts. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hellberg, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Wholly artificial arrangements - the development of the doctrine and its meaning in the EU tax law
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, EU law, skatterätt, rent konstlade upplägg, wholly artificial arrangements, tax law.
language
Swedish
id
9080385
date added to LUP
2022-06-23 11:05:26
date last changed
2022-06-23 11:05:26
@misc{9080385,
  abstract     = {{The tax law in the European union has been under constant development for many years. It is a multifaceted area of the EU law due to the fact that harmonization has taken place in some areas of the EU tax law, but in some aspects, it still falls under the sovereignty of the member states. This has led to the EU tax law, especially the corporate taxation in the area of direct taxation, in relation to the freedom of establishment, being characterized by great ambiguity.

A large part of the legal development in the field of corporate taxation has taken place through the preliminary rulings of the European Court of Justice. The scope of this essay is therefore to examine and explain the Court’s significance for the development of the European tax law. Furthermore, the thesis aims to examine a more specific part of the case law of the European Court of Justice, namely the meaning of wholly artificial arrangements. The Court has in a number of tax rulings indirectly declared several national legislations, whose purpose have been to counteract tax evasion, of being in conflict with the freedom of establishment due to the fact that they have been applicable to a broader scope than solely wholly artificial arrangements. It is therefore of great importance for the continued development of the European corporate tax law that there is a broader understanding of the actual content of wholly artificial arrangements.

It can be summarized by the report and the analysis that the wholly artificial arrangements doctrine, which has been designed and developed by the European Court of Justice, constitutes a one hundred percent requirement of an arrangement being made for tax reasons. The meaning which the Court has given the doctrine entails that in the presence of any form of commerciality in the arrangement made by a company group, the tax evasion legislation in question should not be able to be justified under the union law. In the analysis it is however stated that the wholly artificial arrangements doctrine has partially decreased in its practical significance, due to the fact that the Court has opened up to the possibility of two or more grounds of justification to be in combination with each other, leading to a greater opportunity for tax evasion legislations being justified under the union law. Therefore, the presence of a certain amount of commerciality in an arrangement, on which a member states legislation applies to, does not necessarily mean that the legislation in question is in breach of EU law. What has been said here does not change the meaning of a wholly artificial arrangement, but it is nevertheless important for the practical significance of the doctrine in the EU tax law.

In the thesis it is furthermore stated that the wholly artificial arrangement doctrine brings certain concerns. The case law of the Court leads to an ambiguity as to how the specific criteria are to be applied in practice. In combination with the Court’s statements regarding companies’ possibility or responsibility to demonstrate the objectively relevant circumstances, this risks to affect the predictability and the legal certainty of the union tax law. The Court’s case law regarding wholly artificial arrangements can make it difficult for company groups with cross-border establishments to know whether a scheme is a legal exercise of the right of establishment or if it constitutes a wholly artificial arrangement and therefore is a breach of the union tax law, and also to know how the companies should bring their case before the national courts.}},
  author       = {{Hellberg, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Rent konstlade upplägg - doktrinens utveckling och dess EU-skatterättsliga innebörd}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}