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Rättigheter för ovaccinerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal - En utredning av förhållandet mellan vaccinationskrav och individens fri- och rättigheter under covid-19 pandemin

Bergkvist, Mathilda LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har varit en av de yrkesgrupper som först fick vaccinera sig mot covid-19. Smittspridningen inom yrkesgruppen har dock fortsatt varit stor. För att minska smittspridning och trygga patientsäkerheten har regioner i Sverige infört vaccinationskrav för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Med stöd av den rättsdogmatiska metoden utreder uppsatsen följderna beslutet att inte vaccinera sig kan få för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ur ett rättsligt samt etiskt perspektiv. Denna utredning bygger på det skydd gentemot påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp som anges i 2 kap. 6 § regeringsformen (RF) samt rätten till skydd för privatliv som anges i artikel 8 europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna (EKMR) och... (More)
Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har varit en av de yrkesgrupper som först fick vaccinera sig mot covid-19. Smittspridningen inom yrkesgruppen har dock fortsatt varit stor. För att minska smittspridning och trygga patientsäkerheten har regioner i Sverige infört vaccinationskrav för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Med stöd av den rättsdogmatiska metoden utreder uppsatsen följderna beslutet att inte vaccinera sig kan få för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ur ett rättsligt samt etiskt perspektiv. Denna utredning bygger på det skydd gentemot påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp som anges i 2 kap. 6 § regeringsformen (RF) samt rätten till skydd för privatliv som anges i artikel 8 europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna (EKMR) och möjligheten att begränsa dessa. Valet att inte vaccinera sig kan också aktualisera sådana konsekvenser för vissa grupper av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal att diskriminering enligt diskrimineringslagen (DL) kan bli tillämplig. Därutöver utreder uppsatsen ansvaret för regionerna att uppbringa patientsäkerhet som vårdgivare samt att säkra arbetsmiljön för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal när det föreligger smittspridning.

För att få en översiktlig bild över hur svenska regioner hanterar frågan om ovaccinerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har en enkätundersökning samt fördjupande frågor genomförts. Tre regioner använder sig av vaccinationskrav för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Följder som exempelvis kan aktualiseras för ovaccinerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal är att de kan bli omplacerade eller tilldelade andra arbetsuppgifter. Ingen av regionerna verkar hittills ha tillämpat någon av dessa följder för ovaccinerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. De regioner som inte använder sig av vaccinationskrav ställer i stället upp olika initiativ för att öka vaccinationsgraden bland hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Att regionerna vidtar olika initiativ för att uppmuntra till och erbjuda vaccination för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ska ses som i överensstämmelse med Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter som tillämpas vid smittrisk. I föreskrifterna anges inte att arbetsgivaren kan kräva att arbetstagare vaccinerar sig.

Vaccinationskrav kan utgöra en begränsning av skyddet mot påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp i 2 kap. 6 § RF. Den huvudsakliga frågan är hur rekvisitet påtvingat ska tolkas, då vaccination ses som ett kroppsligt ingrepp. Med vägledning från ett flertal av Justitieombudsmannens beslut kan rekvisitet anses innefatta att det allmänna genomför påtryckningar gentemot individen som gör att denne känner sig påtvingad att vaccinera sig. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kan bli omplacerade om de inte vaccinerar sig, vilket kan ses som en sådan påtryckning som gör rekvisitet påtvingat tillämpbart. Detta skydd kan begränsas genom lag med stöd av 2 kap. 20 § RF om vissa förutsättningar uppfylls. Exempelvis att en nationell lag skulle ställa upp ett vaccinationskrav för all hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Med beaktande av den omfattande smittspridningen som covid-19 har inneburit och betydelsen av att trygga patientsäkerheten lär skyddet mot påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp kunna begränsas.

I artikel 8 EKMR anges rätten till skydd för privatliv, vilket kan aktualiseras under vissa förutsättningar när vaccinationskrav ställs upp för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. I Vavřička med flera mot Tjeckien anger Europadomstolen att begreppet privatliv utanför arbetsplatsen även innefattar de negativa följder som kan uppstå för en individ om denne inte väljer att vaccinera sig, exempelvis att få betala böter. Även vid bedömning av vad som innefattas i begreppet privatliv på arbetsplatsen lär Europadomstolen göra en sådan bedömning. Valet att inte vaccinera sig kan få följder för den enskilde, såsom omplacering, vilket gör artikel 8 EKMR tillämplig. I mål rörande vaccinationskrav som avgjorts i Europadomstolen har domstolen betonat betydelsen av att trygga samhällsmedlemmarnas hälsa, vilket har gjort en inskränkning av artikel 8 EKMR acceptabel. Införda vaccinationskrav torde därför ses som en acceptabel inskränkning av artikel 8 EKMR av Europadomstolen om de har ett tydligt syfte i att minska smittspridning,trygga patientsäkerheten och att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ska visa solidaritet med övriga samhället genom att vaccinera sig.

Vissa grupper av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal skulle kunna ha en mer begränsad möjlighet att uppfylla uppställda vaccinationskrav. Därigenom skulle sådana grupper i betydande högre utsträckning drabbas av negativa effekter när dessa väljer att inte vaccinera sig, vilket kan utgöra indirekt diskriminering. En sådan grupp kan vara hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal som på grund av sin religion eller trosuppfattning inte kan vaccinera sig. I Arbetsdomstolens dom 2017 nr 65 betonades vikten av att bibehålla patientsäkerhet och att detta vägde tyngre än individens rätt att kunna utöva sin tro. De uppställda vaccinationskraven lär därför inte utgöra indirekt diskriminering då de syftar till att trygga patientsäkerheten.

Uppsatsen visar att regionernas vaccinationskrav för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal bryter mot skyddet mot påtvingat kroppsligt ingrepp i 2 kap. 6 § RF. Likaså kan rätten till skydd för privatliv i artikel 8 EKMR under vissa förutsättningar brytas. Vaccinationskraven kan också ge större negativa effekter för vissa grupper av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, exempelvis på grund av deras religion eller trosuppfattning, vilket gör frågan om det föreligger indirekt diskriminering aktualiserad. Efter en samlad bedömning av omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet skulle sådana inskränkningar av fri- och rättighetsskyddet för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kunna ses som godtagbara. Enligt min bedömning lär vikten av att trygga patientsäkerheten när det föreligger ett smittsamt virus eller sjukdom väga tyngre än begränsningen av den enskildes personliga integritet. Särskilt om viruset eller sjukdomen som vaccinationskraven berör har lett till omfattande smittspridning som påverkat hela samhället. (Less)
Abstract
Healthcare professionals have been one of the first occupational groups that got vaccinated against covid-19. Nevertheless, the spread of infection within the occupational group have continued to be high. To reduce the spread of infection and to safeguard patient safety regions in Sweden have introduced vaccine mandates towards its healthcare professionals. With support from the legal dogmatic method the essay investigates the consequences the decision to not get vaccinated can mean for healthcare professionals from a legal and ethical perspective. This investigation is based on the individual’s protection against any physical violation from public institutions which is regulated in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government and... (More)
Healthcare professionals have been one of the first occupational groups that got vaccinated against covid-19. Nevertheless, the spread of infection within the occupational group have continued to be high. To reduce the spread of infection and to safeguard patient safety regions in Sweden have introduced vaccine mandates towards its healthcare professionals. With support from the legal dogmatic method the essay investigates the consequences the decision to not get vaccinated can mean for healthcare professionals from a legal and ethical perspective. This investigation is based on the individual’s protection against any physical violation from public institutions which is regulated in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government and the right to respect for private life which is stated in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the possibility to limit these. The choice to not get vaccinated can also bring up such consequences for certain groups of healthcare professionals that discrimination according to the Discrimination Act can become applicable. In addition to that the essay investigates the responsibility for the regions to safeguard patient safety as healthcare providers and to secure the working environment for healthcare professionals when spread of infection exists.

To get an overall picture over how Swedish regions handle the question regarding unvaccinated healthcare professionals a survey and deepening questions have been conducted. Three regions use vaccine mandates for healthcare professionals. The consequences can for example be that unvaccinated healthcare professionals get transferred or assigned other work tasks. None of the regions so far seem to have applied any of these consequences on unvaccinated healthcare professionals. The regions that do not use vaccine mandates have instead put-up different initiatives to boost the vaccination degree among healthcare professionals. The fact that the regions are putting up different initiatives to boost and offer vaccination for healthcare professionals should be seen as in accordance with provisions from the Swedish Work Environment Authority which is applied when there is a risk of infection. The provisions do not show that an employer can demand that an employee should be vaccinated.

Vaccine mandates could be a limitation of the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions which is regulated in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government. The main question regards how the prerequisite force should be interpreted, since vaccination is seen as a physical violation. With guidance from several decisions by the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (JO), the prerequisite could be seen as including that the public institutions are bringing pressure against the individual which makes the individual feel pressured to get vaccinated. Healthcare professionals can get transferred if they do not get vaccinated, which could be seen as one kind of pressure that makes the prerequisite force applicable. This protection can be limited by law with support from chapter two article twenty in the Instrument of Government if certain requirements are fulfilled. For example, that a national law would contain a vaccine mandate for healthcare professionals. With regards to the vast spread of infection that covid-19 has entailed and the importance of safeguarding patient safety, the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions could be restricted.

In article 8 ECHR the right to respect for private life is set out, which can become brought up under certain conditions when vaccine mandates are put up for healthcare professionals. In Vavřička and Others v. The Czech Republic the European Court of Human Rights states that the term private life outside the place of work also includes the negative consequences which can arise if an individual chooses to not get vaccinated, for example paying a fine. Likewise, in an assessment regarding what is included in the term private life in the place of work, the European Court of Human Rights will likely make such an assessment. The choice to not get vaccinated can have consequences for the individual, such as getting transferred, which makes article 8 ECHR applicable. In cases regarding vaccine mandates which have been ruled on by the European Court of Human Rights, the court has emphasized the importance of safeguarding health for members of society, which have made a restriction of article 8 ECHR acceptable. An introduced vaccine mandate should therefore be seen as an acceptable restriction of article 8 ECHR by the European Court of Human Rights if it has a clear purpose in reducing spread of infection, safeguarding patient safety and that healthcare professionals should show solidarity with the rest of society by getting vaccinated.

Some groups of healthcare professionals could have a more limited possibility in fulfilling vaccine mandates. In that way those groups would be affected to a higher extent by negative effects when they choose not to get vaccinated, which could constitute indirect discrimination. Such a group could be healthcare professionals who based on their religion or belief can’t get vaccinated. In Labour Court case 2017 number sixty-five the weight of preserving the patient safety outweighed the right for the individual to be able to exercise his or her religion. The vaccine mandates should therefore not be seen as constituting indirect discrimination, since they are aiming to safeguard patient safety.

The essay shows that the regions’ vaccine mandates for healthcare professionals violate the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government. Likewise, the right to respect for private life in article 8 ECHR can become violated under certain conditions. The vaccine mandates can also have greater negative effects for certain groups of healthcare professionals, for example based on their religion or belief, which actualizes the question whether there is indirect discrimination or not. After an overall assessment of the circumstances in the individual case such restrictions of the rights and freedoms for healthcare professionals could be seen as acceptable. According to my assessment the importance of safeguarding patient safety when there is an infectious virus or disease will be carrying greater weight than the restriction of the personal integrity and privacy of an individual. Especially so if the virus or the disease that the vaccine mandate refers to has led to an extensive spread of infection which has affected the whole society. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Bergkvist, Mathilda LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Rights for unvaccinated healthcare professionals - An investigation of the relation between vaccine mandates and the individual's rights and freedoms during the covid-19 pandemic
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, medicinsk rätt, offentlig rätt
language
Swedish
id
9080479
date added to LUP
2022-06-09 12:34:18
date last changed
2022-06-09 12:34:18
@misc{9080479,
  abstract     = {{Healthcare professionals have been one of the first occupational groups that got vaccinated against covid-19. Nevertheless, the spread of infection within the occupational group have continued to be high. To reduce the spread of infection and to safeguard patient safety regions in Sweden have introduced vaccine mandates towards its healthcare professionals. With support from the legal dogmatic method the essay investigates the consequences the decision to not get vaccinated can mean for healthcare professionals from a legal and ethical perspective. This investigation is based on the individual’s protection against any physical violation from public institutions which is regulated in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government and the right to respect for private life which is stated in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the possibility to limit these. The choice to not get vaccinated can also bring up such consequences for certain groups of healthcare professionals that discrimination according to the Discrimination Act can become applicable. In addition to that the essay investigates the responsibility for the regions to safeguard patient safety as healthcare providers and to secure the working environment for healthcare professionals when spread of infection exists.

To get an overall picture over how Swedish regions handle the question regarding unvaccinated healthcare professionals a survey and deepening questions have been conducted. Three regions use vaccine mandates for healthcare professionals. The consequences can for example be that unvaccinated healthcare professionals get transferred or assigned other work tasks. None of the regions so far seem to have applied any of these consequences on unvaccinated healthcare professionals. The regions that do not use vaccine mandates have instead put-up different initiatives to boost the vaccination degree among healthcare professionals. The fact that the regions are putting up different initiatives to boost and offer vaccination for healthcare professionals should be seen as in accordance with provisions from the Swedish Work Environment Authority which is applied when there is a risk of infection. The provisions do not show that an employer can demand that an employee should be vaccinated.

Vaccine mandates could be a limitation of the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions which is regulated in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government. The main question regards how the prerequisite force should be interpreted, since vaccination is seen as a physical violation. With guidance from several decisions by the Parliamentary Ombudsmen (JO), the prerequisite could be seen as including that the public institutions are bringing pressure against the individual which makes the individual feel pressured to get vaccinated. Healthcare professionals can get transferred if they do not get vaccinated, which could be seen as one kind of pressure that makes the prerequisite force applicable. This protection can be limited by law with support from chapter two article twenty in the Instrument of Government if certain requirements are fulfilled. For example, that a national law would contain a vaccine mandate for healthcare professionals. With regards to the vast spread of infection that covid-19 has entailed and the importance of safeguarding patient safety, the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions could be restricted.

In article 8 ECHR the right to respect for private life is set out, which can become brought up under certain conditions when vaccine mandates are put up for healthcare professionals. In Vavřička and Others v. The Czech Republic the European Court of Human Rights states that the term private life outside the place of work also includes the negative consequences which can arise if an individual chooses to not get vaccinated, for example paying a fine. Likewise, in an assessment regarding what is included in the term private life in the place of work, the European Court of Human Rights will likely make such an assessment. The choice to not get vaccinated can have consequences for the individual, such as getting transferred, which makes article 8 ECHR applicable. In cases regarding vaccine mandates which have been ruled on by the European Court of Human Rights, the court has emphasized the importance of safeguarding health for members of society, which have made a restriction of article 8 ECHR acceptable. An introduced vaccine mandate should therefore be seen as an acceptable restriction of article 8 ECHR by the European Court of Human Rights if it has a clear purpose in reducing spread of infection, safeguarding patient safety and that healthcare professionals should show solidarity with the rest of society by getting vaccinated.

Some groups of healthcare professionals could have a more limited possibility in fulfilling vaccine mandates. In that way those groups would be affected to a higher extent by negative effects when they choose not to get vaccinated, which could constitute indirect discrimination. Such a group could be healthcare professionals who based on their religion or belief can’t get vaccinated. In Labour Court case 2017 number sixty-five the weight of preserving the patient safety outweighed the right for the individual to be able to exercise his or her religion. The vaccine mandates should therefore not be seen as constituting indirect discrimination, since they are aiming to safeguard patient safety.

The essay shows that the regions’ vaccine mandates for healthcare professionals violate the protection for the individual against any physical violation from public institutions in chapter two article 6 in the Instrument of Government. Likewise, the right to respect for private life in article 8 ECHR can become violated under certain conditions. The vaccine mandates can also have greater negative effects for certain groups of healthcare professionals, for example based on their religion or belief, which actualizes the question whether there is indirect discrimination or not. After an overall assessment of the circumstances in the individual case such restrictions of the rights and freedoms for healthcare professionals could be seen as acceptable. According to my assessment the importance of safeguarding patient safety when there is an infectious virus or disease will be carrying greater weight than the restriction of the personal integrity and privacy of an individual. Especially so if the virus or the disease that the vaccine mandate refers to has led to an extensive spread of infection which has affected the whole society.}},
  author       = {{Bergkvist, Mathilda}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Rättigheter för ovaccinerad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal - En utredning av förhållandet mellan vaccinationskrav och individens fri- och rättigheter under covid-19 pandemin}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}