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36 § AvtL i en internationellt privaträttslig kontext - En studie kring internationellt tvingande svensk rätt

Säll, Erik LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Varför domstolar i staten A ska beakta och tillämpa lagar tillhörande staten B:s rättsordning är fortfarande omdiskuterat. Redan på 1600- och 1700-talet lanserade holländska jurister som Johannes Voet och Ulric Huber idén om comitas gentium – internationell artighet gentemot främmande stater. Under 1800-talet vidareutvecklades de idéer som den holländska skolan före-språkade av den tyska juristen Carl Friedrich von Savigny, vars arv är högst påtagligt i den moderna internationella privat- och processrätten än idag. En viktig aspekt av Savignys lära var idén om Gesetze von streng positiver, zwingender Natur. Detta var lagar som till sin natur var av sådan betydelse att de gjorde anspråk på en omedelbar och överordnad tillämpning. Överordnad... (More)
Varför domstolar i staten A ska beakta och tillämpa lagar tillhörande staten B:s rättsordning är fortfarande omdiskuterat. Redan på 1600- och 1700-talet lanserade holländska jurister som Johannes Voet och Ulric Huber idén om comitas gentium – internationell artighet gentemot främmande stater. Under 1800-talet vidareutvecklades de idéer som den holländska skolan före-språkade av den tyska juristen Carl Friedrich von Savigny, vars arv är högst påtagligt i den moderna internationella privat- och processrätten än idag. En viktig aspekt av Savignys lära var idén om Gesetze von streng positiver, zwingender Natur. Detta var lagar som till sin natur var av sådan betydelse att de gjorde anspråk på en omedelbar och överordnad tillämpning. Överordnad i bemärkelsen att lagen krävde prioritering framför den utländska lag som enligt den internationella privaträttens grunder skulle ha tillämpats på rättsförhållandet, och omedelbar eftersom tillämpningen av främmande rätt var utesluten redan från början. Idag, mer än 150 år senare, tampas den internationella privaträtten fortfarande med problematiken som identifieringen av dessa särskilt betingade lagar är behäftad med.

I artikel 9 i Rom I-förordningen om tillämplig lag för avtalsförpliktelser regleras internationellt tvingande regler. Enligt lagtexten är detta regler som av ett land bedöms vara så avgörande för att skydda allmänintressen, t.ex. sin politiska, sociala och ekonomiska struktur, att landet kräver att reglerna tillämpas på alla situationer som faller inom deras tillämpningsområde, oavsett vilken lag som enligt förordningen är tillämplig på avtalet och oavsett om denna pekats ut genom partshänvisning eller på objektiv grund genom kollisionsregler. Hur allmänintressen ska tolkas enligt förordningen har debatterats i den engelskspråkiga doktrinen och de nationella domstolarna i EU:s medlemsstater har gjort olika bedömningar. Det finns goda argument för att anta att även regler som genom beskyddandet av fundamentala privata intressen för avtalsförhållandets svagare parter indirekt skyddar ett allmän-intresse och därmed bör omfattas av artikelns tillämpningsområde.

Internationellt tvingande regler är ett område av den svenska internationella privaträtten som präglas av en brist på prejudikatbildande avgöranden och där många frågeställningar saknar lagfästa svar. För den svenska rättsordningens vidkommande har den allmänna avtalsrättsliga generalklausulen i 36 § AvtL särskilt nämnts som en tänkbar regel att kvalificeras som internationellt tvingande. Arbetet undersöker om så kan vara fallet med ledning i bl.a. Arbetsdomstolens avgöranden och uttalanden från lagstiftaren i förarbetena till andra lagar, samt genom välgrundade antaganden mot bakgrund av bestämmelsens syfte och dignitet inom svensk avtalsrätt.

Slutsatsen blir att 36 § AvtL är en dynamisk bestämmelse som förkroppsligar en rådande samhällsuppfattning om vad som utgör skälighet och rättvisa ur ett svenskt avtalsrättsligt perspektiv. På grund av bestämmelsens generella utformning bör kvalifikationen avgöras mot bakgrund av omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet. Generellt kan dock sägas att i ett internationellt privaträttsligt sammanhang där privata intressen, hänförliga till en svagare part, står på spel ska 36 § AvtL kvalificeras som en internationellt tvingande svensk regel för att på så vis skydda och tillvarata grundläggande intressen som den svenska rättsordningen erkänner, förutsatt att en inte obetydlig anknytning till den svenska rättsordningen föreligger. Bestämmelsen kan även kvalificeras som internationellt tvingande i rena affärsförhållande, där förekommer dock omständigheter vilka kräver en större försiktighet från domstolarna vid kvalifikationsmomentet. (Less)
Abstract
The answer to the question why courts in state A should consider and apply laws belonging to the legal system of state B is still debated. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch jurists such as Johannes Voet and Ulric Huber launched the idea of comitas gentium - international courtesy to foreign states. During the 19th century, the ideas advocated by the Dutch school of thought were further developed by the German lawyer Carl Friedrich von Savigny, whose legacy is most evident in modern international private and procedural law even today. An important aspect of Savigny's teaching was the idea of Gesetze von streng positiver, zwingender Natur. These were laws which, by their nature, were of such importance that they claimed... (More)
The answer to the question why courts in state A should consider and apply laws belonging to the legal system of state B is still debated. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch jurists such as Johannes Voet and Ulric Huber launched the idea of comitas gentium - international courtesy to foreign states. During the 19th century, the ideas advocated by the Dutch school of thought were further developed by the German lawyer Carl Friedrich von Savigny, whose legacy is most evident in modern international private and procedural law even today. An important aspect of Savigny's teaching was the idea of Gesetze von streng positiver, zwingender Natur. These were laws which, by their nature, were of such importance that they claimed immediate and superior application. Superior in the sense that the law required priority over the foreign law which, according to the principles of private international law, would have been applied to the legal matter, and immediate because the application of foreign law was precluded from the outset. Today, more than 150 years later, private international law is still faced with the problem of identifying these special laws.

Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations regulates overriding mandatory provisions. According to the text, these are mandatory provisions the respect of which is deemed by a country to be so crucial to the safeguard of its public interests, such as its organisation on a political, social and economic level, that it requires their application to any situation falling within their scope of application, regardless of the law applicable according to the Regulation and whether the otherwise applicable law has been assigned by virtue of referral by the parties or by objective rules.

How the phrase public interest is to be interpreted according to the Regulation has been debated in the doctrine, and the national courts of the EU Member States have made different assessments. There are good arguments for assuming that rules which, through the protection of fundamental private interests of weaker parties in a contractual relationship, also indirectly safeguard a public interest and thus should fall within the scope of application of the article.

Overriding mandatory provisions constitutes an area of Swedish international private law that is characterized by a lack of judicial precedent and where many issues lack statutory answers. In the case of the Swedish legal system, the general contractual clause in section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act has been specifically mentioned as a possible rule to be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision. This dissertation aims to determine whether this is the case by examining decisions of the Swedish Labour Court and statements made by the Swedish legislator in government bills and official reports of the Swedish Government, as well as through well-founded assumptions in the light of the purpose of the provision and its dignity within Swedish contract law.

The conclusion is that section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act is a dynamic provision that embodies a prevailing societal perception of what constitutes fairness and justice from a perspective of Swedish contract law. Due to the general wording of the provision, the qualification should be determined in light of the circumstances of the individual case. In general, however, it can be said that in an international private law context where private interests, attributable to a weaker party, are at stake, section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act shall be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision in order to protect and safeguard fundamental interests recognised by the Swedish legal system, provided that there is a significant connection to the Swedish legal system. The provision can also be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision in pure business relations, where, however, there are circumstances which require greater caution from the courts. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Säll, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act within Private International Law - A study regarding overriding mandatory provisions within Swedish Contract Law
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Internationell privaträtt, avtalsrätt, internationellt tvingande regler
language
Swedish
id
9080528
date added to LUP
2022-06-14 20:38:17
date last changed
2022-06-14 20:38:17
@misc{9080528,
  abstract     = {{The answer to the question why courts in state A should consider and apply laws belonging to the legal system of state B is still debated. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch jurists such as Johannes Voet and Ulric Huber launched the idea of comitas gentium - international courtesy to foreign states. During the 19th century, the ideas advocated by the Dutch school of thought were further developed by the German lawyer Carl Friedrich von Savigny, whose legacy is most evident in modern international private and procedural law even today. An important aspect of Savigny's teaching was the idea of Gesetze von streng positiver, zwingender Natur. These were laws which, by their nature, were of such importance that they claimed immediate and superior application. Superior in the sense that the law required priority over the foreign law which, according to the principles of private international law, would have been applied to the legal matter, and immediate because the application of foreign law was precluded from the outset. Today, more than 150 years later, private international law is still faced with the problem of identifying these special laws.

Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations regulates overriding mandatory provisions. According to the text, these are mandatory provisions the respect of which is deemed by a country to be so crucial to the safeguard of its public interests, such as its organisation on a political, social and economic level, that it requires their application to any situation falling within their scope of application, regardless of the law applicable according to the Regulation and whether the otherwise applicable law has been assigned by virtue of referral by the parties or by objective rules. 

How the phrase public interest is to be interpreted according to the Regulation has been debated in the doctrine, and the national courts of the EU Member States have made different assessments. There are good arguments for assuming that rules which, through the protection of fundamental private interests of weaker parties in a contractual relationship, also indirectly safeguard a public interest and thus should fall within the scope of application of the article.

Overriding mandatory provisions constitutes an area of Swedish international private law that is characterized by a lack of judicial precedent and where many issues lack statutory answers. In the case of the Swedish legal system, the general contractual clause in section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act has been specifically mentioned as a possible rule to be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision. This dissertation aims to determine whether this is the case by examining decisions of the Swedish Labour Court and statements made by the Swedish legislator in government bills and official reports of the Swedish Government, as well as through well-founded assumptions in the light of the purpose of the provision and its dignity within Swedish contract law.

The conclusion is that section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act is a dynamic provision that embodies a prevailing societal perception of what constitutes fairness and justice from a perspective of Swedish contract law. Due to the general wording of the provision, the qualification should be determined in light of the circumstances of the individual case. In general, however, it can be said that in an international private law context where private interests, attributable to a weaker party, are at stake, section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act shall be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision in order to protect and safeguard fundamental interests recognised by the Swedish legal system, provided that there is a significant connection to the Swedish legal system. The provision can also be qualified as an overriding mandatory provision in pure business relations, where, however, there are circumstances which require greater caution from the courts.}},
  author       = {{Säll, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{36 § AvtL i en internationellt privaträttslig kontext - En studie kring internationellt tvingande svensk rätt}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}