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Ställt bortom rimligt tvivel - ett differentierat beviskrav? En studie av hur beviskravet tillämpas beroende på brottets grovhet och den tilltalades inställning

Ferhm, Evelina LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
En grundläggande princip inom brottmålsprocessen är att ingen person ska bli dömd för ett brott denne inte begått. Detta kan dels uppnås genom bevisbördans placering på åklagaren och dels genom att höga krav ställs på bevisningen. Beviskravet är inte lagstadgat, utan lagstiftaren har överlämnat åt domstolen att formulera och precisera det. I NJA 1980 s. 725 formulerade HD för första gången beviskravet i brottmål som alltjämt gäller i svensk rätt. För att beviskravet ska vara uppfyllt och åklagaren fullgjort sin bevisbörda krävs att det är ”ställt bortom rimligt tvivel” att den tilltalade är skyldig till brott. Beviskravet består av två krav, dels av kravet på tillräckligt stöd och dels av kravet på tillräcklig utredning. Kravet på... (More)
En grundläggande princip inom brottmålsprocessen är att ingen person ska bli dömd för ett brott denne inte begått. Detta kan dels uppnås genom bevisbördans placering på åklagaren och dels genom att höga krav ställs på bevisningen. Beviskravet är inte lagstadgat, utan lagstiftaren har överlämnat åt domstolen att formulera och precisera det. I NJA 1980 s. 725 formulerade HD för första gången beviskravet i brottmål som alltjämt gäller i svensk rätt. För att beviskravet ska vara uppfyllt och åklagaren fullgjort sin bevisbörda krävs att det är ”ställt bortom rimligt tvivel” att den tilltalade är skyldig till brott. Beviskravet består av två krav, dels av kravet på tillräckligt stöd och dels av kravet på tillräcklig utredning. Kravet på tillräckligt stöd handlar om att bevisningen ska ge tillräckligt stöd åt gärningsbeskrivningen och kravet på tillräcklig utredning handlar om att utredningen ska vara robust så att risken är liten för att bevisläget ändras av ytterligare utredning. Vid bevisprövningen undersöks om bevisningen når upp till beviskravet. I och med den fria bevisprövningens princip får som huvudregel all bevisning åberopas och domstolen fritt värdera denna.

Huruvida beviskravet i brottmål varierar och därmed är differentierat mellan olika brottstyper är en omdiskuterad fråga såväl i den offentliga debatten som i förarbeten och doktrin. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om beviskravet i brottmål är differentierat beroende på brottets grovhet och den tilltalades inställning samt om det i sådana fall är kravet på tillräckligt stöd eller kravet på tillräcklig utredning som varierar. Syftet uppnås genom att undersöka om beviskravet är differentierat beroende på brottets grovhet och/eller den tilltalades inställning enligt rättskällor och doktrin och om det i sådana fall är kravet på tillräckligt stöd eller kravet på tillräcklig utredning som varierar. I den första delen av uppsatsen undersöks och kartläggs de olika uppfattningarna i rättskällor och doktrin med dels en rättsdogmatisk metod och dels en rättsanalytisk metod. Av uppsatsens första del framkommer att det är en förhållandevis vanlig uppfattning i framförallt doktrin att beviskravet är differentierat med anledning av brottets grovhet och att både kravet på tillräckligt stöd och kravet på tillräcklig utredning varierar. Däremot talar en övervägande del av rättskällor och doktrin för att beviskravet inte är differentierat beroende på brottets grovhet. Det finns emellertid stöd i rättskällor och doktrin för att beviskravet är differentierat med anledning av brottets grovhet tillsammans med den tilltalades inställning. En övervägande del av rättskällor och doktrin verkar tala för att det är kravet på tillräcklig utredning som varierar.

Slutsatsen som kan dras av uppsatsens första del är följaktligen att om den tilltalade har erkänt ett lindrigt brott, är beviskravet lägre, eftersom kravet på tillräcklig utredning inte ställs lika högt som vid förnekade och grova brott.

Syftet med uppsatsen uppnås också genom att undersöka om det förekommer starkare bevisning vid fällande domar vid grov stöld än vid ringa stöld och om det finns någon skillnad beroende på om gärningen är erkänd eller förnekad enligt domstolars faktiska rättstillämpning. Detta kan tala för att det krävs starkare bevisning vid grov stöld, vilket i sin tur kan tala för att det krävs starkare bevisning vid grövre brott i allmänhet. Om det visar sig att det förekommer starkare bevisning vid fällande domar vid grov stöld än vid ringa stöld och/eller det skiljer sig åt beroende på om gärningen är erkänd eller förnekad, utreds om det i sådana fall är kravet på tillräckligt stöd eller kravet på tillräcklig utredning som varierar eller om det finns någon annan möjlig förklaring till varför starkare bevisning förekommer när det rör sig om grov stöld och/eller den tilltalade har förnekat gärningen, än att beviskravet är differentierat. En rättsfallsstudie av tingsrättsdomar har genomförts i den andra delen av uppsatsen med hjälp av en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ metod. Med starkare bevisning menas förhör med vittne eller målsägande som knyter den tilltalade till brottet, övervakningsfilm och forensisk bevisning, medan med svagare bevisning menas anmälan, kvitto eller fotografi på kvitto, fotografi på tillgripet gods och beslagsprotokoll. I rättsfallsstudien undersöks hur många fall bevisläget har bestått av ett ensamt erkännande. I rättsfallsstudien jämförs också hur många gånger starka bevismedel förekommer med hur många gånger svaga bevismedel förekommer vid de olika brotten samt om resultaten skiljer sig åt beroende om gärningen är erkänd eller förnekad.

Slutsatsen som kan dras är att i fällande domar där den tilltalade har erkänt gärningen, är det mycket vanligt förekommande vid grov stöld att det vid sidan om erkännandet finns annan bevisning av stark typ men att detta är ovanligt vid ringa stöld. Vid ringa stöld är det mycket vanligt förekommande att de svaga bevistyperna förekommer vid sidan om erkännandet. Därmed kan det bekräftas att vid fällande domar förekommer starkare bevisning vid grov stöld än vid ringa stöld och att det finns en skillnad beroende på om gärningen är erkänd eller förnekad. Detta kan bero på att beviskravet tillämpas differentierat med anledning av brottets grovhet tillsammans med den tilltalades inställning. Några säkra slutsatser kan emellertid inte dras. Det går heller inte att dra några säkra slutsatser kring huruvida det är kravet på tillräckligt stöd eller kravet på tillräcklig utredning som varierar. Alternativa förklaringar kan vara att mer resurser läggs åt att utreda förnekade och grova brott eller att ett erkännande tillmäts högre beviskraft vid lindriga brott. Utifrån ett ekonomiskt perspektiv och ett effektivitetsperspektiv samt utifrån kraven på en ändamålsenlig brottsprevention kan det argumenteras för att resultatet är legitimt och motiverat. Min ståndpunkt är emellertid att rättsordningen bör värna om rättssäkerhet och oskyldighetspresumtionen samt att rättsordningen tillgodoser kraven på förutsägbarhet, vilket rättsfallsstudiens resultat torde stå i dålig överensstämmelse med.

En förhoppning i framtiden, är att genom uppmärksamma svenska domstolars bevisvärdering och rättstillämpning, kan domstolar antingen bekräfta att de tillämpar beviskravet differentierat, vilket skulle öka förutsägbarheten, eller undvika en sådan bevisvärdering och rättstillämpning om beviskravet inte ska tillämpas differentierat, vilket skulle värna om rättssäkerhet och oskyldighetspresumtionen. (Less)
Abstract
A fundamental principle in the criminal proceedings is that no person should be convicted for a crime he or she has not committed. This can partly be achieved by placing the burden of proof on the prosecutor and partly by placing high demands on the evidence. The evidentiary requirement is not regulated by law, instead the legislator has entrusted the court to formulate and specify it. In NJA 1980 s. 725, the Supreme Court formulated the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases that still applies in Swedish law. In order for the evidentiary requirement to be fulfilled and the prosecutor to fulfill the burden of proof, it is required that it is "beyond reasonable doubt" the defendant is guilty of a crime. The evidentiary requirement... (More)
A fundamental principle in the criminal proceedings is that no person should be convicted for a crime he or she has not committed. This can partly be achieved by placing the burden of proof on the prosecutor and partly by placing high demands on the evidence. The evidentiary requirement is not regulated by law, instead the legislator has entrusted the court to formulate and specify it. In NJA 1980 s. 725, the Supreme Court formulated the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases that still applies in Swedish law. In order for the evidentiary requirement to be fulfilled and the prosecutor to fulfill the burden of proof, it is required that it is "beyond reasonable doubt" the defendant is guilty of a crime. The evidentiary requirement consists of two requirements, partly the requirement of sufficient support and partly the requirement of sufficient investigation. The requirement of sufficient support entails that the evidence must provide sufficient support for the statement of the criminal act as charged and the requirement of sufficient investigation entails that the investigation must be robust, so the risk is small the evidentiary basis is changed by further investigation. During the sifting of evidence, it is examined if the evidence fulfills the evidentiary requirement. Due to the principle of free evaluation of evidence, all evidence may be invoked, and the court may freely evaluate it as a general rule.

Whether the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases varies and is differentiated between different types of crimes is a controversial issue both in the public debate and in the legislative history and legal doctrine. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's attitude and in such case, if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. The purpose is achieved by examine if the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and/or the defendant's attitude according to the sources of law and legal doctrine and in that case, if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. The first part of the thesis examines and identify the different perceptions in the sources of law and legal doctrine, partly with a legal dogmatic method and partly with a legal analytical method. From the first part of the thesis it appears that it is a relatively common opinion in primarily legal doctrine that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and that both the requirement of sufficient support and the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. However, a predominant part of the sources of law and legal doctrine suggests that the evidentiary requirement is not differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime. Though, there is support in the sources of law and legal doctrine that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime together with the defendant's attitude. A predominant part of the sources of law and legal doctrine seems to suggest that it is the requirement of a sufficient investigation that varies.

One can therefore conclude that if the defendant has admitted a trivial offence, the evidentiary requirement declines, because the requirement of sufficient investigation is not as high as in denied and serious criminal offences.

The purpose of the thesis is also achieved by examine if stronger evidence, in case of a guilty verdict, is presented for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and if there is any difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied according to the courts actual application of the law. This may indicate that stronger evidence is required in case of aggravated theft, which in turn may indicate that stronger evidence is required in case of more serious criminal offences in general. If stronger evidence is presented in case of guilty verdict for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and/or there is a difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied, the thesis entails if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies or if there is any other explanation why stronger evidence is presented in the event of aggravated theft and/or if the defendant has denied the act, than that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated. A case study of the judgements of the district courts has been conducted in the second part of the thesis using a quantitative and a qualitative method. Stronger evidence entails hearing a witness or injured party which link the defendant to the criminal act, security footage and forensic evidence, while weaker evidence entails criminal complaint, receipt or photography of a receipt, photography of stolen goods and property seizure record. In the case study it is examined how many times the evidentiary basis has consisted of only a confession. In the case study it is also compared how many times stronger evidence occur with how many times weaker evidence occur in the various crimes and if the results differ depending on whether the act is admitted or denied.

One can conclude that in case of a guilty verdict, it is very common in case of aggravated theft that stronger evidence is presented besides a confession, but that it is unusual in case of trivial theft. In case of trivial theft, it is very common that weaker evidence is presented besides a confession. Therefore, it can be confirmed that in case of a guilty verdict, stronger evidence is presented for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and that there is a difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied. This may be because the evidentiary requirement is applied differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime together with the defendant's attitude. However, no certain conclusions can be made. It is neither possible to infer any certain conclusions whether it is the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation that varies. Alternative explanations may be that more resources are invested in investigating denied and serious criminal offences or that a confession is given higher probative value in trivial offences. From an economic- and an efficiency perspective as well as appropriate crime prevention requirements, it can be argued that the result is legitimate and justified. My position is, however, that the legal system should enshrine legal certainty and the presumption of innocence and also that the legal system fulfills predictability requirements, which the results of the case study should be inconsistent with.

One prospect is that in the future, by observe the Swedish court’s evaluation of evidence and the adjudication process, courts can either confirm they apply the evidentiary requirement differently, which would increase predictability, or avoid such evaluation of evidence and application of the law, if the evidentiary requirement should not be applied differently, which would enshrine legal certainty and the presumption of innocence. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ferhm, Evelina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Beyond reasonable doubt - a differentiated evidentiary requirement? A study of how the evidentiary requirement is applied depending on the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's attitude
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Allmän rättslära, Straffrätt, Beviskrav, Differentierat beviskrav, Grov stöld, Ringa stöld, Rättsfallsstudie
language
Swedish
id
9080537
date added to LUP
2022-06-09 12:32:25
date last changed
2022-06-09 12:32:25
@misc{9080537,
  abstract     = {{A fundamental principle in the criminal proceedings is that no person should be convicted for a crime he or she has not committed. This can partly be achieved by placing the burden of proof on the prosecutor and partly by placing high demands on the evidence. The evidentiary requirement is not regulated by law, instead the legislator has entrusted the court to formulate and specify it. In NJA 1980 s. 725, the Supreme Court formulated the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases that still applies in Swedish law. In order for the evidentiary requirement to be fulfilled and the prosecutor to fulfill the burden of proof, it is required that it is "beyond reasonable doubt" the defendant is guilty of a crime. The evidentiary requirement consists of two requirements, partly the requirement of sufficient support and partly the requirement of sufficient investigation. The requirement of sufficient support entails that the evidence must provide sufficient support for the statement of the criminal act as charged and the requirement of sufficient investigation entails that the investigation must be robust, so the risk is small the evidentiary basis is changed by further investigation. During the sifting of evidence, it is examined if the evidence fulfills the evidentiary requirement. Due to the principle of free evaluation of evidence, all evidence may be invoked, and the court may freely evaluate it as a general rule.

Whether the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases varies and is differentiated between different types of crimes is a controversial issue both in the public debate and in the legislative history and legal doctrine. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether the evidentiary requirement in criminal cases is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and the defendant's attitude and in such case, if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. The purpose is achieved by examine if the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and/or the defendant's attitude according to the sources of law and legal doctrine and in that case, if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. The first part of the thesis examines and identify the different perceptions in the sources of law and legal doctrine, partly with a legal dogmatic method and partly with a legal analytical method. From the first part of the thesis it appears that it is a relatively common opinion in primarily legal doctrine that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime and that both the requirement of sufficient support and the requirement of sufficient investigation varies. However, a predominant part of the sources of law and legal doctrine suggests that the evidentiary requirement is not differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime. Though, there is support in the sources of law and legal doctrine that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime together with the defendant's attitude. A predominant part of the sources of law and legal doctrine seems to suggest that it is the requirement of a sufficient investigation that varies.

One can therefore conclude that if the defendant has admitted a trivial offence, the evidentiary requirement declines, because the requirement of sufficient investigation is not as high as in denied and serious criminal offences.

The purpose of the thesis is also achieved by examine if stronger evidence, in case of a guilty verdict, is presented for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and if there is any difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied according to the courts actual application of the law. This may indicate that stronger evidence is required in case of aggravated theft, which in turn may indicate that stronger evidence is required in case of more serious criminal offences in general. If stronger evidence is presented in case of guilty verdict for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and/or there is a difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied, the thesis entails if the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation varies or if there is any other explanation why stronger evidence is presented in the event of aggravated theft and/or if the defendant has denied the act, than that the evidentiary requirement is differentiated. A case study of the judgements of the district courts has been conducted in the second part of the thesis using a quantitative and a qualitative method. Stronger evidence entails hearing a witness or injured party which link the defendant to the criminal act, security footage and forensic evidence, while weaker evidence entails criminal complaint, receipt or photography of a receipt, photography of stolen goods and property seizure record. In the case study it is examined how many times the evidentiary basis has consisted of only a confession. In the case study it is also compared how many times stronger evidence occur with how many times weaker evidence occur in the various crimes and if the results differ depending on whether the act is admitted or denied.

One can conclude that in case of a guilty verdict, it is very common in case of aggravated theft that stronger evidence is presented besides a confession, but that it is unusual in case of trivial theft. In case of trivial theft, it is very common that weaker evidence is presented besides a confession. Therefore, it can be confirmed that in case of a guilty verdict, stronger evidence is presented for aggravated theft than for trivial theft and that there is a difference depending on whether the act is admitted or denied. This may be because the evidentiary requirement is applied differentiated depending on the seriousness of the crime together with the defendant's attitude. However, no certain conclusions can be made. It is neither possible to infer any certain conclusions whether it is the requirement of sufficient support or the requirement of sufficient investigation that varies. Alternative explanations may be that more resources are invested in investigating denied and serious criminal offences or that a confession is given higher probative value in trivial offences. From an economic- and an efficiency perspective as well as appropriate crime prevention requirements, it can be argued that the result is legitimate and justified. My position is, however, that the legal system should enshrine legal certainty and the presumption of innocence and also that the legal system fulfills predictability requirements, which the results of the case study should be inconsistent with.

One prospect is that in the future, by observe the Swedish court’s evaluation of evidence and the adjudication process, courts can either confirm they apply the evidentiary requirement differently, which would increase predictability, or avoid such evaluation of evidence and application of the law, if the evidentiary requirement should not be applied differently, which would enshrine legal certainty and the presumption of innocence.}},
  author       = {{Ferhm, Evelina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ställt bortom rimligt tvivel - ett differentierat beviskrav? En studie av hur beviskravet tillämpas beroende på brottets grovhet och den tilltalades inställning}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}