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Kontrollansvar i köplagen - Särskilt om kontrollansvarets tillämpning vid fel i vara

Dejke, Malin LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan den ”nya köplagen” infördes 1990 har många höjt ett varningens finger för att dess nya ansvarsgrund vid skadeståndsansvar, kontrollansvaret, kommer att innebära svårigheter vid tillämpning avseende felsituationer. Till följd av att köplagens utformning inspirerats av den horisontella lagstiftningstekniken i CISG, samordnades nämligen säljarens skadeståndsansvar för dröjsmål och fel i den nya köplagen. Kontrollansvaret påstås emellertid från flera håll vara utformad i första hand för säljarens dröjsmål.

Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att närmare precisera kontrollansvaret som ansvarsform vid fel i vara, dels genom att utreda och beskriva förutsättningarna för ansvarsbefrielse och skadeståndets omfattning, dels genom att... (More)
Sedan den ”nya köplagen” infördes 1990 har många höjt ett varningens finger för att dess nya ansvarsgrund vid skadeståndsansvar, kontrollansvaret, kommer att innebära svårigheter vid tillämpning avseende felsituationer. Till följd av att köplagens utformning inspirerats av den horisontella lagstiftningstekniken i CISG, samordnades nämligen säljarens skadeståndsansvar för dröjsmål och fel i den nya köplagen. Kontrollansvaret påstås emellertid från flera håll vara utformad i första hand för säljarens dröjsmål.

Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att närmare precisera kontrollansvaret som ansvarsform vid fel i vara, dels genom att utreda och beskriva förutsättningarna för ansvarsbefrielse och skadeståndets omfattning, dels genom att konfrontera kontrollansvaret mot marknadens reglering av skadestånd. Utifrån detta påpekas eventuella reformbehov, med tillhörande argumentation de lege ferenda. Eftersom uppsatsen i vart fall delvis syftar till att utreda gällande rätt har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts. I brist på praxis har uttalanden i förarbeten och doktrin intagit en viktig roll i utredningen.

Vid studie av kontrollansvarets uppkomst framkommer att syftet med den nya ansvarsformen bland annat var att nyansera säljarens skadeståndsansvar i förhållande till den gamla köplagen. Genom utredningen har emellertid framkommit att kontrollansvaret blir mycket strängt mot säljaren när det tillämpas i en felsituation. Den gemensamma uppfattningen i doktrin tycks nämligen vara att det vid såväl genus- som speciesköp är ytterst få tillfällen då säljaren går fri från ansvar i felsituationer. Samma slutsats har även framkommit genom framställningen.

För att avgöra hur strängt ett ansvar utfaller mot en säljare, måste även beaktas vilka skador som omfattas av den aktuella ansvarsgrunden. Kontrollansvaret omfattar enbart köparens direkta förluster, eftersom lagstiftaren ville åstadkomma en rimlig fördelning av förlusterna mellan parterna. Genom utredningen har emellertid framkommit att köplagens differentiering av indirekta och direkta förluster är svårtillämpad, och att denna i vissa fall kan innebära att fler förluster än avsett klassificeras som direkta. Det innebär att en stor del av förlusterna kan komma att omfattas av den stränga ansvarsgrunden kontrollansvaret. Av den anledningen behöver differentieringen reformeras, eller i vart fall ses över av lagstiftaren.

Från utblicken mot formulärrätten framkommer att samtliga behandlade standardavtal avviker från kontrollansvaret på ett sätt som medför en lindring av säljarens ansvar. Kontrollansvaret ersätts bland annat i många fall med force majeure-klausuler. Det tycks även finnas en tendens att frångå differentieringen av förlusttyperna, till fördel för exempelvis beloppsbegränsningar. Anledningen till avvikelserna kan vara att precisera rättsläget med tanke på de svårigheter som påtalats ovan, eller att åstadkomma en annan riskfördelning än den som köplagen föreskriver.

Avslutningsvis förs, utifrån de fynd som gjorts i framställningen, en argumentation de lege ferenda. Bland annat föreslås att det vid tillämpning av kontrollansvaret kan lämnas utrymme för än mer ändamålsenlig tolkning än den som framkommer i lagmotiven, vilket kan medföra att säljaren undgår ansvar i större utsträckning. Vidare föreslås att differentieringen av förlusttyper i köplagen ersätts med de metoder som används för att bestämma skadeståndets omfattning i CISG. (Less)
Abstract
Since the “new Sale of Goods Act” passed in 1990, many have noted that its new basis of liability, the control liability (sw. kontrollansvaret), will entail complications when applied to defective performance. The formulation of the Sale of Goods act was inspired by the “horizontal” structure characteristic of CISG. Therefore, the Sale of Goods Act’s provisions on remedies for the seller’s breach of contract, regarding both non-performance and defective performance, are coordinated. However, the control liability is often claimed to be primarily formulated with non-performance in mind.

Hence, the purpose of the thesis is to detail the control liability as a basis of liability when applied to defective performance, partly by examining... (More)
Since the “new Sale of Goods Act” passed in 1990, many have noted that its new basis of liability, the control liability (sw. kontrollansvaret), will entail complications when applied to defective performance. The formulation of the Sale of Goods act was inspired by the “horizontal” structure characteristic of CISG. Therefore, the Sale of Goods Act’s provisions on remedies for the seller’s breach of contract, regarding both non-performance and defective performance, are coordinated. However, the control liability is often claimed to be primarily formulated with non-performance in mind.

Hence, the purpose of the thesis is to detail the control liability as a basis of liability when applied to defective performance, partly by examining and presenting the preconditions for exemption of liability and specifying the scope of the damages. Furthermore, the control liability will be confronted by the trade and industry’s regulation of damages. On that basis, possible needs for reform will be identified, and associated arguments de lege ferenda will be presented. The thesis is based on the legal dogmatic method, as it seeks to examine established law. Due to a lack of precedents, statements in government bills and legal doctrine have been essential to the examination.

The thesis’ studies of the history of the control liability show that the purpose of the new basis of liability was, inter alia, to nuance the seller’s liability for damages corresponding to the previous Sale of Goods act. However, the studies have indicated that the seller's liability remains strict when the control liability is applied to defective performance. Namely, the common perception in the legal doctrine seems to be that there are very few occasions when the seller is exempted from liability concerning defective performance. The examination has reached the same conclusion.

To determine how strict a basis of liability is, it must also be considered what losses are covered by the liability basis in question. The control liability solely admits the buyer compensation for his direct losses, as the legislator wanted to achieve a fair distribution of risk between the parties. However, the examination has shown that the differentiation of indirect and direct losses in the Sales of Good act is difficult to apply. In some cases, this might even entail that more losses than intended are classified as direct losses. This means that the strict control liability might cover many of the losses. For that reason, the differentiation needs to be reformed or at least reviewed by the legislator.

The thesis’ studies of standard form contracts show that all of those being treated in the thesis deviate from the control liability in a way that entails a relief of the seller’s liability for damages. Most of the standard form contracts contain force majeure clauses. Also, a tendency to deviate from the differentiation of losses can be found. This is often replaced by clauses dictating a maximum amount allowed for losses. The reason for these deviations may be to define the legal position due to the difficulties pointed out above or to adjust the distribution of risk as described in the Sale of Goods act.

Lastly, based on the findings of the thesis, arguments de lege ferenda are presented. Among other things, it is proposed that consideration should be made to appropriate interpretation to a grader extent than to statements in government bills, which may lead to the seller being exempted from liability more often. Furthermore, it is proposed that the differentiation of losses in the Sales of Goods act be replaced by the methods used in CISG to determine the scope of damages. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Dejke, Malin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The control liability of the Sales of Goods Act
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9080561
date added to LUP
2022-06-18 10:10:31
date last changed
2022-06-18 10:10:31
@misc{9080561,
  abstract     = {{Since the “new Sale of Goods Act” passed in 1990, many have noted that its new basis of liability, the control liability (sw. kontrollansvaret), will entail complications when applied to defective performance. The formulation of the Sale of Goods act was inspired by the “horizontal” structure characteristic of CISG. Therefore, the Sale of Goods Act’s provisions on remedies for the seller’s breach of contract, regarding both non-performance and defective performance, are coordinated. However, the control liability is often claimed to be primarily formulated with non-performance in mind. 

Hence, the purpose of the thesis is to detail the control liability as a basis of liability when applied to defective performance, partly by examining and presenting the preconditions for exemption of liability and specifying the scope of the damages. Furthermore, the control liability will be confronted by the trade and industry’s regulation of damages. On that basis, possible needs for reform will be identified, and associated arguments de lege ferenda will be presented. The thesis is based on the legal dogmatic method, as it seeks to examine established law. Due to a lack of precedents, statements in government bills and legal doctrine have been essential to the examination. 

The thesis’ studies of the history of the control liability show that the purpose of the new basis of liability was, inter alia, to nuance the seller’s liability for damages corresponding to the previous Sale of Goods act. However, the studies have indicated that the seller's liability remains strict when the control liability is applied to defective performance. Namely, the common perception in the legal doctrine seems to be that there are very few occasions when the seller is exempted from liability concerning defective performance. The examination has reached the same conclusion.

To determine how strict a basis of liability is, it must also be considered what losses are covered by the liability basis in question. The control liability solely admits the buyer compensation for his direct losses, as the legislator wanted to achieve a fair distribution of risk between the parties. However, the examination has shown that the differentiation of indirect and direct losses in the Sales of Good act is difficult to apply. In some cases, this might even entail that more losses than intended are classified as direct losses. This means that the strict control liability might cover many of the losses. For that reason, the differentiation needs to be reformed or at least reviewed by the legislator.

The thesis’ studies of standard form contracts show that all of those being treated in the thesis deviate from the control liability in a way that entails a relief of the seller’s liability for damages. Most of the standard form contracts contain force majeure clauses. Also, a tendency to deviate from the differentiation of losses can be found. This is often replaced by clauses dictating a maximum amount allowed for losses. The reason for these deviations may be to define the legal position due to the difficulties pointed out above or to adjust the distribution of risk as described in the Sale of Goods act. 

Lastly, based on the findings of the thesis, arguments de lege ferenda are presented. Among other things, it is proposed that consideration should be made to appropriate interpretation to a grader extent than to statements in government bills, which may lead to the seller being exempted from liability more often. Furthermore, it is proposed that the differentiation of losses in the Sales of Goods act be replaced by the methods used in CISG to determine the scope of damages.}},
  author       = {{Dejke, Malin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Kontrollansvar i köplagen - Särskilt om kontrollansvarets tillämpning vid fel i vara}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}