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Ett ljus i mörkret? – En undersökning av tillämpningen av 2 kap. 3, 5, 7 och 9–10 §§ miljöbalken vid miljöprövningen och deras förmåga att bidra till att de svenska klimatmålen nås

Johansson, Edvin LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Att klimatförändringarna till stor del är orsakade av människors användning av fossila bränslen, de växthusgasutsläpp som därmed uppstår och resulterar i en global upp-värmning är numera ett allmänt accepterat faktum. Enligt färska FN-rapporter har jordens medeltemperatur hittills stigit med ca 1,1 °C jämfört med förindustriell tid och trots höjda klimatambitioner är vi i dagsläget på väg mot en uppvärmning på ca 2,2 °C. Med andra ord är vi på god väg att missa de temperaturmål som fastställts i Parisavtalet med allt kraftigare negativa effekter för mänskligt och annat liv på jorden som konse-kvens. I sammanhanget har EU fastställt ett relativt ambitiöst klimatmål om att unionen ska vara klimatneutral år 2050. Sverige har gått steget... (More)
Att klimatförändringarna till stor del är orsakade av människors användning av fossila bränslen, de växthusgasutsläpp som därmed uppstår och resulterar i en global upp-värmning är numera ett allmänt accepterat faktum. Enligt färska FN-rapporter har jordens medeltemperatur hittills stigit med ca 1,1 °C jämfört med förindustriell tid och trots höjda klimatambitioner är vi i dagsläget på väg mot en uppvärmning på ca 2,2 °C. Med andra ord är vi på god väg att missa de temperaturmål som fastställts i Parisavtalet med allt kraftigare negativa effekter för mänskligt och annat liv på jorden som konse-kvens. I sammanhanget har EU fastställt ett relativt ambitiöst klimatmål om att unionen ska vara klimatneutral år 2050. Sverige har gått steget längre och ämnar vara klimatneutralt redan år 2045. Dessvärre bedöms Sverige för närvarande missa målet. Såväl globalt som för svensk del ser det därför mörkt ut i dagsläget.
För svenskt vidkommande har på senare år ett ökat intresse för att använda miljö-balken som klimatstyrmedel kunnat skönjas. Den här uppsatsen hakar på intresset och tar sig an att undersöka och kritiskt granska vilken förmåga tillämpningen av 2 kap. 3, 5, 7 och 9–10 §§ miljöbalken vid miljöprövningen har för att bidra till att Sveriges mål-uppfyllande. Reglerna, som valts för deras förmåga att ställa krav på eller rentav sätta stopp för verksamheter till följd av deras klimatpåverkan och därför kan ha en direkt påverkan, undersöks och analyseras utifrån en bred ansats.
Först undersöks de svenska regleras förhållande till EU-rätten och möjligheten Sverige har att gå längre än vad EU kräver. Uppsatsen dyker här bl.a. in i den diskussion som förts kring i vilken mån verksamheter inom EU:s utsläppshandelssystem, den s.k. handlande sektorn, också kan regleras av andra, mer tvingande, styrmedel såsom miljö-balkens regler. Även om rättsläget måste bedömas som fortsatt osäkert argumenteras här för att faktorer såsom klimatfrågans särskilda dignitet som miljöproblem, EU:s intresse i allmänhet av att medlemsstater går före i klimatomställningen samt att en för vid tolkning av förbudet för kompletterande reglering riskerar att hota medlems-staternas suveränitet på energiområdet medför att EU-rätten rimligen enbart förbjuder medlemsstater att sätta utsläppsbegränsningsvillkor på verksamheter inom den handlande sektorn.
Uppsatsen betraktar sedan de svenska förutsättningarna och finner att i synnerhet de kravställande reglerna i 2 kap. 3, 5 och 7 miljöbalken i dagsläget möjliggör påverkan på såväl verksamheter inom den handlande sektorn som övriga verksamheter. På så vis existerar kan en stor del av industrins klimatpåverkan falla inom ramen för reglernas tillämpningsområde. Däremot kan klimatpåverkan från s.k. följdföretag i form av exempelvis transporter till och från verksamheten för närvarande inte ensamt ge upphov till reglering inom miljöprövningen. Vidare begränsas också möjligheten att stoppa verksamheter genom tillämpning av 2 kap. 9–10 eftersom dessa bedöms stå vid ett vägskäl där de antingen alltid eller aldrig blir tillämpliga. Intressant nog visar det sig att ett lagförslag i frågan har den märkliga konsekvensen av att regeln blir mindre tillämpbar ju mer den behövs. Dessutom hindras regeltillämpningen i allmänhet gentemot den handlande sektorn av att den svenska rätten innehåller en, i jämförelse med uppsatsens tolkning av EU-rätten, vid begränsning. Således argumenteras för att det här finns outnyttjad potential.
Särskilt fokus läggs på hur 2 kap. 7 § miljöbalkens bestämmelse om att kraven enligt 2 kap. 3 och 5 §§ miljöbalken måste vara rimliga och hur det ska förstås i klimat-hänseende eftersom detta inte utretts hittills. Efter en djupdykning i den skrala praxis som finns på området argumenteras för att koldioxidskatten spelar en avgörande roll för att väga en försikthetsåtgärds miljönytta gentemot dess kostnader oavsett sektor samt att ett eventuellt teknikkrav måste vara praktiskt genomförbart, t.ex. av plats-hänsyn, i det enskilda fallet.
Mot bakgrund av undersökningens resultat argumenteras att miljöbalkens särdrag som påtvingande styrmedel förvisso medför att den skyddsnivå koldioxidskatten som bäst kan medföra också kan säkerställas i de fall där ekonomiska incitament inte bitit fullt ut. Dock medför faktorn att kravnivån också styrs av graden av teknikutveckling – vilket miljöbalken inte ger några incitament till – att regeltillämpningens förmåga att bidra också är avhängig styrmedel som kan skapa sådana incitament. Även om klimat-förändringarna överlag kan betraktas som ett särskilt utmanande rättsligt problem finner uppsatsen till sist det enbart är behovet av samordning mellan länder som på ett direkt sätt gäckat den svenska rättstillämpningen och att detta kan lösas genom att betrakta klimatfrågan som ett nationellt åtagande.
Även om det finns gott om jobb kvar att göra för att bemöta klimatförändringarna bedöms sammantaget en ökad tillämpning av de berörda reglerna vid miljöprövningen i allmänhet kunna utgöra ett visst ljus i mörkret. (Less)
Abstract
Nowadays it is widely accepted that climate change largely is anthropogenically caused through the burning of fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas emissions such burning gives rise to which, and the global warming that comes as a result. According to recent UN studies the global mean temperature has hitherto risen by roughly 1.1°C compared to preindustrial levels and despite higher climate ambitions we are currently on our way to a global warming of around 2.2°C. In other words we are on a trajectory which will miss the temperature goals laid down in the Paris Agreement. Relatively speaking, the EU has set an ambitious climate goal of being climate neutral in 2050. Sweden has gone even further and aims to be climate neutral already by 2045.... (More)
Nowadays it is widely accepted that climate change largely is anthropogenically caused through the burning of fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas emissions such burning gives rise to which, and the global warming that comes as a result. According to recent UN studies the global mean temperature has hitherto risen by roughly 1.1°C compared to preindustrial levels and despite higher climate ambitions we are currently on our way to a global warming of around 2.2°C. In other words we are on a trajectory which will miss the temperature goals laid down in the Paris Agreement. Relatively speaking, the EU has set an ambitious climate goal of being climate neutral in 2050. Sweden has gone even further and aims to be climate neutral already by 2045. However, Sweden is currently about to miss that aim. Thus, there are good reasons for concern from both a global and a Swedish perspective.
Within Sweden, there has in recent years been an increased interest in using the Swedish Environmental Code as a climate governing instrument. This thesis shares that interest by examining and critically assessing what ability the application of the rules in the Environmental code, Chapter 2, Sections 3, 5, 7, and 9–10 within the environmental assessment and permit process has to help Sweden reach its climate goal. The rules in question, which are chosen due to their ability to influence or even stop activities because of their climatic impact and thus can be seen as having a direct effect, are examined from a broad perspective.
To begin with, the Swedish rules relationship with EU rules and the possibility for Sweden to go further than what the EU demands are examined. Among other things, the thesis here delves into the ongoing discussion about to what extent activities related to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) also can be regulated through other, more commanding, instruments, such as the Environmental Code. Although things overall must be said to remain uncertain, the thesis holds that factors such as the special dignity of climate change as an environmental problem, the EU’s overall interest in its member states adopting more ambitious climate policies, and that a too wide inter-pretation of a ban on complimenting regulation might threaten the member states’ sovereignty in energy questions, arguably make it the case that EU law only bans member states from including emission limit values for direct emissions of greenhouse gases in permits of EU ETS activities.
The thesis then addresses the Swedish conditions and finds that in particular the rules of the Environmental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 3, 5, and 7 currently enables influencing on activities within the EU ETS and elsewhere. Thus a large part of industry climate effects are within the rules’ reach. However, climatic effects alone cannot give rise to an application of the rules regarding more distant activities in relation to the main activity such as transports to and from the industry in question. Furthermore, the thesis argues that the application of the stop rule of the Environ-mental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 9 and 10 is at a crossroads allowing for both an inter-pretation where it practically never is applicable and one where it practically always is. Interestingly, a recent law proposal solves the problem to some extent, however, it is argued that it has the rather peculiar consequence of being less applicable the more it is needed and vice versa. In addition, the application of the rules overall regarding EU ETS activities are hindered by the fact that Swedish law currently contains a wider limitation than what EU law according to the thesis’ interpretation demands. Thus it is argued that there currently exists unused potential.
Since it has not been examined to date, the thesis focuses extra on how the demands of the Environmental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 3 and 5 according to the corresponding rule in Section 7 must be deemed reasonable and how this is to be understood in relation to climate change. By digging deep into the scarce existing case-law it is argued that the carbon dioxide tax plays a decisive role in how the environ-mental benefits of a precautionary measure should be weighed against the costs of that measure regardless of whether the activity is conducted within the EU ETS or elsewhere. Furthermore, to be reasonable, a demand regarding the use of a certain technique must also be viable, e.g. in relation to there being enough room to implement the activity in the particular case.
With the results of the examination at hand it is further argued that the command-and-control feature of the Environmental Code enables the assuring of the protection level which the carbon tax at best can achieve by forcing protective measures to be taken where the economic incentives have not reached full effect. However, since the level of possible demands is decided by the level of technological development–which the Environmental Code does not give incentives for–the overall ability of the app-lication of the rules is dependent on other instruments capable of creating such incentives. Furthermore, even though climate change overall can be seen as a particularly challenging legal problem, it is argued that to date only the fact that climate change is a polycentric problem has straightforwardly caused concerns for Swedish adjudication. However, by viewing climate change as a national undertaking the challenge can be met.
Although there is a lot of work left to be done in fighting climate change and there are great reasons for concern existing overall, the thesis concludes that an increased application of the rules examined within the environmental permit process nonetheless give rise for some optimism. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Johansson, Edvin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Shedding Light in the Dark? – An Examination of the Application of the Swedish Environmental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 3, 5, 7 and 9–10 in the Environmental Permit Process and its Ability to Help Sweden Reach its Climate Goals
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, miljörätt, utsläppshandel, miljöbalken, klimatförändringarna, styrmedel, industriutsläpp, miljöprövning
language
Swedish
id
9080583
date added to LUP
2022-06-12 15:35:16
date last changed
2022-06-12 15:35:16
@misc{9080583,
  abstract     = {{Nowadays it is widely accepted that climate change largely is anthropogenically caused through the burning of fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas emissions such burning gives rise to which, and the global warming that comes as a result. According to recent UN studies the global mean temperature has hitherto risen by roughly 1.1°C compared to preindustrial levels and despite higher climate ambitions we are currently on our way to a global warming of around 2.2°C. In other words we are on a trajectory which will miss the temperature goals laid down in the Paris Agreement. Relatively speaking, the EU has set an ambitious climate goal of being climate neutral in 2050. Sweden has gone even further and aims to be climate neutral already by 2045. However, Sweden is currently about to miss that aim. Thus, there are good reasons for concern from both a global and a Swedish perspective.
	Within Sweden, there has in recent years been an increased interest in using the Swedish Environmental Code as a climate governing instrument. This thesis shares that interest by examining and critically assessing what ability the application of the rules in the Environmental code, Chapter 2, Sections 3, 5, 7, and 9–10 within the environmental assessment and permit process has to help Sweden reach its climate goal. The rules in question, which are chosen due to their ability to influence or even stop activities because of their climatic impact and thus can be seen as having a direct effect, are examined from a broad perspective.
	To begin with, the Swedish rules relationship with EU rules and the possibility for Sweden to go further than what the EU demands are examined. Among other things, the thesis here delves into the ongoing discussion about to what extent activities related to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) also can be regulated through other, more commanding, instruments, such as the Environmental Code. Although things overall must be said to remain uncertain, the thesis holds that factors such as the special dignity of climate change as an environmental problem, the EU’s overall interest in its member states adopting more ambitious climate policies, and that a too wide inter-pretation of a ban on complimenting regulation might threaten the member states’ sovereignty in energy questions, arguably make it the case that EU law only bans member states from including emission limit values for direct emissions of greenhouse gases in permits of EU ETS activities.
	The thesis then addresses the Swedish conditions and finds that in particular the rules of the Environmental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 3, 5, and 7 currently enables influencing on activities within the EU ETS and elsewhere. Thus a large part of industry climate effects are within the rules’ reach. However, climatic effects alone cannot give rise to an application of the rules regarding more distant activities in relation to the main activity such as transports to and from the industry in question. Furthermore, the thesis argues that the application of the stop rule of the Environ-mental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 9 and 10 is at a crossroads allowing for both an inter-pretation where it practically never is applicable and one where it practically always is. Interestingly, a recent law proposal solves the problem to some extent, however, it is argued that it has the rather peculiar consequence of being less applicable the more it is needed and vice versa. In addition, the application of the rules overall regarding EU ETS activities are hindered by the fact that Swedish law currently contains a wider limitation than what EU law according to the thesis’ interpretation demands. Thus it is argued that there currently exists unused potential.
	Since it has not been examined to date, the thesis focuses extra on how the demands of the Environmental Code, Chapter 2, Sections 3 and 5 according to the corresponding rule in Section 7 must be deemed reasonable and how this is to be understood in relation to climate change. By digging deep into the scarce existing case-law it is argued that the carbon dioxide tax plays a decisive role in how the environ-mental benefits of a precautionary measure should be weighed against the costs of that measure regardless of whether the activity is conducted within the EU ETS or elsewhere. Furthermore, to be reasonable, a demand regarding the use of a certain technique must also be viable, e.g. in relation to there being enough room to implement the activity in the particular case.
	With the results of the examination at hand it is further argued that the command-and-control feature of the Environmental Code enables the assuring of the protection level which the carbon tax at best can achieve by forcing protective measures to be taken where the economic incentives have not reached full effect. However, since the level of possible demands is decided by the level of technological development–which the Environmental Code does not give incentives for–the overall ability of the app-lication of the rules is dependent on other instruments capable of creating such incentives. Furthermore, even though climate change overall can be seen as a particularly challenging legal problem, it is argued that to date only the fact that climate change is a polycentric problem has straightforwardly caused concerns for Swedish adjudication. However, by viewing climate change as a national undertaking the challenge can be met.
	Although there is a lot of work left to be done in fighting climate change and there are great reasons for concern existing overall, the thesis concludes that an increased application of the rules examined within the environmental permit process nonetheless give rise for some optimism.}},
  author       = {{Johansson, Edvin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ett ljus i mörkret? – En undersökning av tillämpningen av 2 kap. 3, 5, 7 och 9–10 §§ miljöbalken vid miljöprövningen och deras förmåga att bidra till att de svenska klimatmålen nås}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}