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Rättstillämpning under svensk kolonialtid - En komparativ uppsats där rättstillämpningen på S:t Barthélemy jämförs med rättstillämpningen i häradsrätten.

Åkesson, Jonathan LU (2022) LAGF03 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda hur rättstillämpningen på S:t Barthélemy fungerade i förhållande till rättstillämpningen i Sverige. Genom en rättshistorisk metod och ett komparativt perspektiv undersöks skillnaderna och likheterna mellan de två rättssystemen. Frågan besvaras genom att närmare undersöka följande tre områden: domstolens sammansättning, lagstiftningen och rättskipningen.

Domstolens sammansättning tar sikte på domaren och nämnden inom de två rättssystemen. På S:t Barthélemy bestod domstolen av en konselj bestående av guvernören samt sju, senare sex, ledamöter. I Sverige ligger fokus på häradsrätten som leddes av häradshövdingen tillsammans med en nämnd bestående av tolv ledamöter. Nämnden utsågs från början av... (More)
Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda hur rättstillämpningen på S:t Barthélemy fungerade i förhållande till rättstillämpningen i Sverige. Genom en rättshistorisk metod och ett komparativt perspektiv undersöks skillnaderna och likheterna mellan de två rättssystemen. Frågan besvaras genom att närmare undersöka följande tre områden: domstolens sammansättning, lagstiftningen och rättskipningen.

Domstolens sammansättning tar sikte på domaren och nämnden inom de två rättssystemen. På S:t Barthélemy bestod domstolen av en konselj bestående av guvernören samt sju, senare sex, ledamöter. I Sverige ligger fokus på häradsrätten som leddes av häradshövdingen tillsammans med en nämnd bestående av tolv ledamöter. Nämnden utsågs från början av häradshövdingen men kom senare att utses av befolkningen. Konseljens blandning av folkvalda ledamöter och ledamöter som valdes genom reglementet skapade dock problem. Liknande problem fanns i häradsrätten då endast en enhällig nämnd kunde överrösta häradshövdingen. Det fanns därför en tydlig brist inom domstolssystemen som härrörde från statens intresse av att välja domstolens ledamöter.

I kapitlet som berör lagstiftningen fokuserar uppsatsen på Guvernör Rosensteins förordning av den 30 juni 1787 och tjänstehjonsstadgan. Den förstnämnda reglerade slavarnas livssituation på ön, den andre förhållandet mellan tjänstehjon och husbonde. Fokus riktas sedan på bestämmelserna om aga inom respektive lag i syfte att skapa en bra rättslig förståelse inför kapitlet om rättskipning. Analysen av lagstiftningen visar att förhållandet mellan slav och slavägare byggde på ägandeskap medan förhållandet mellan tjänstehjon och husbonde huvudsakligen byggde på ett anställningsavtal. Slaverilagstiftningen var också osäkrare än tjänstehjonsstadgan, trots stadgans svårtillämplighet. Lagarna hade också olika syften och intressen.

Rättskipningen presenteras i form av rättsfall som berör husaga. Rättsfallen presenteras och analyseras sedan. En jämförelse mellan rättsfallen visar att slaverilagstiftningen var mer bokstavsmässig än tjänstehjonstadgan, vars bestämmelse om aga krävde en proportionalitetsbedömning mellan tjänstehjonets överträdelse och husbondens straff. Gällande påföljdsbestämningen var det tydligt att domstolen på S:t Barthélemy tillämpade ett mer godtyckligt straff än den svenska domstolen. Det blir också tydligt att S:t Barthélemys domstol såg slavarna som objekt, bland annat genom påföljdsbestämningen gentemot slavägarna men även genom synen på slavarna som icke rättssubjekt.

Analyserar man rättsfallen mot bakgrund av domstolens sammansättning och lagstiftningens utformning och syfte blir det tydligt att rättskipningen på S:t Barthélemy var godtycklig än i Sverige. Detta kan dels bero på att slavarnas ansågs vara egendom, dels på att ämbetsmännen på ön själv var slavägare och därför hade ett egenintresse i dömandet.

Uppsatsen avslutas i en helhetsanalys där alla tre delanalyserna analyseras i helhet. Det finns tydliga tecken på att domstolarna ville upprätthålla slavägarnas och husböndernas intressen. Rättsfallen från häradsrätten visar att domstolen tar den svagare partens parti om lagen föreskriver det. Även domstolens sammansättning diskuteras i förhållande till rättskipningen.

Uppsatsen landar i slutsatsen att domstolen på S:t Barthélemy var mer partisk än den svenska domstolen och oftare dömde efter slavägarnas intresse. Detta berodde troligen främst på att synen på slavar som objekt i jämfört med tjänstehjonen som sågs som människor. (Less)
Abstract
The thesis aims to investigate how the adjudication in St. Barthélemy functioned in relation to the adjudication in Sweden. The differences and similarities between the two legal systems are examined through a legal historical method and a comparative perspective. The question is answered by examining the following three areas: the composition of the court, the legislation, and the administration of justice.

The composition of the court refers to the judge and the lay judge committee within the two legal systems. In St. Barthélemy, the court consisted of a council composed of the governor and seven, later six, lay judges. In Sweden, the focus is on the lower court, which was chaired by the parish governor together with a lay judge... (More)
The thesis aims to investigate how the adjudication in St. Barthélemy functioned in relation to the adjudication in Sweden. The differences and similarities between the two legal systems are examined through a legal historical method and a comparative perspective. The question is answered by examining the following three areas: the composition of the court, the legislation, and the administration of justice.

The composition of the court refers to the judge and the lay judge committee within the two legal systems. In St. Barthélemy, the court consisted of a council composed of the governor and seven, later six, lay judges. In Sweden, the focus is on the lower court, which was chaired by the parish governor together with a lay judge committee composed of twelve members. The lay judge committee was initially appointed by the parish governor but later came to be elected by the population. However, the councils’ mix of elected members and members elected by the regulations created problems. Similar problems existed in the lower court as only a unanimous lay judge committee could overrule the parish governor. There was therefore a clear weakness in the court system which stemmed from the state's interest in appointing the members of the court.

In the chapter concerning the legislation, the essay focuses on Rosenstein's decree of 30 June 1787, and the Servant Acts. The former regulated the living situation of slaves on the island, the latter regulated the relationship between servants and landlords. The focus then turns to the provisions on chastisement within each law in order to provide a clear legal understanding before the chapter on the adjudication. The analysis of the legislation shows that the relationship between slave and slave owner was based on ownership, while the relationship between servant and landlord was mainly based on a contract of employment. The slave legislation was also more uncertain than the Servant Act despite the statute’s enforcement difficulties. The laws also had different purposes and interests.

The adjudication is presented in the form of court cases concerning chastisement. The cases are then presented and analysed. A comparison between the cases shows that the slave legislation was more literal than the Servant Act, whose provision on chastisement required an assessment of proportionality between the servant’s violation and the landlord’s punishment. Regarding the determination of penalties, it is clear that the court in St. Barthélemy applied a more arbitrary punishment than the Swedish lower court. It is also evident that St. Barthélemy’s court saw the slaves as objects, partly due to the slave owners’ penalties but also because they were not considered to be legal entities.

If one analyses the cases in the light of the composition of the court and the design and purpose of the legislation, it becomes clear that the adjudication in St. Barthélemy was more arbitrary than in Sweden. This may be due partly to the slaves being considered property, partly to the fact that the officials on the island themselves were slave owners and therefore had a vested interest in the sentencing process.

The thesis ends in a comprehensive analysis where all three sub-analyses are analysed in their entirety. There are clear signs that the courts wanted to uphold the interests of the slave owners and landlords. It is evident from the district court cases that they take the side of the weaker party if the law so requires. The composition of the court is also discussed, as the composition mainly consisted of slave owners and landlords.

The essay concludes that the court in St. Barthélemy was more biased towards the slave owners and that this probably was due to the view of slaves as objects compared to servants who were seen as humans. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Åkesson, Jonathan LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20221
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Komparativ rätt, Comparative law, Rättshistoria, Legal history, S:t Barthélemy, Häradsrätt, Tjänstehjon, Svenskt slaveri, Svensk kolonialtid, 1786 års reglemente, 1805 års reglemente, 1811 års reglemente, Tjänstehjonsstadgan
language
Swedish
id
9081019
date added to LUP
2022-06-28 11:25:36
date last changed
2022-06-28 11:25:36
@misc{9081019,
  abstract     = {{The thesis aims to investigate how the adjudication in St. Barthélemy functioned in relation to the adjudication in Sweden. The differences and similarities between the two legal systems are examined through a legal historical method and a comparative perspective. The question is answered by examining the following three areas: the composition of the court, the legislation, and the administration of justice.
 
The composition of the court refers to the judge and the lay judge committee within the two legal systems. In St. Barthélemy, the court consisted of a council composed of the governor and seven, later six, lay judges. In Sweden, the focus is on the lower court, which was chaired by the parish governor together with a lay judge committee composed of twelve members. The lay judge committee was initially appointed by the parish governor but later came to be elected by the population. However, the councils’ mix of elected members and members elected by the regulations created problems. Similar problems existed in the lower court as only a unanimous lay judge committee could overrule the parish governor. There was therefore a clear weakness in the court system which stemmed from the state's interest in appointing the members of the court.
 
In the chapter concerning the legislation, the essay focuses on Rosenstein's decree of 30 June 1787, and the Servant Acts. The former regulated the living situation of slaves on the island, the latter regulated the relationship between servants and landlords. The focus then turns to the provisions on chastisement within each law in order to provide a clear legal understanding before the chapter on the adjudication. The analysis of the legislation shows that the relationship between slave and slave owner was based on ownership, while the relationship between servant and landlord was mainly based on a contract of employment. The slave legislation was also more uncertain than the Servant Act despite the statute’s enforcement difficulties. The laws also had different purposes and interests.
 
The adjudication is presented in the form of court cases concerning chastisement. The cases are then presented and analysed. A comparison between the cases shows that the slave legislation was more literal than the Servant Act, whose provision on chastisement required an assessment of proportionality between the servant’s violation and the landlord’s punishment. Regarding the determination of penalties, it is clear that the court in St. Barthélemy applied a more arbitrary punishment than the Swedish lower court. It is also evident that St. Barthélemy’s court saw the slaves as objects, partly due to the slave owners’ penalties but also because they were not considered to be legal entities.
 
If one analyses the cases in the light of the composition of the court and the design and purpose of the legislation, it becomes clear that the adjudication in St. Barthélemy was more arbitrary than in Sweden. This may be due partly to the slaves being considered property, partly to the fact that the officials on the island themselves were slave owners and therefore had a vested interest in the sentencing process.
 
The thesis ends in a comprehensive analysis where all three sub-analyses are analysed in their entirety. There are clear signs that the courts wanted to uphold the interests of the slave owners and landlords. It is evident from the district court cases that they take the side of the weaker party if the law so requires. The composition of the court is also discussed, as the composition mainly consisted of slave owners and landlords.

The essay concludes that the court in St. Barthélemy was more biased towards the slave owners and that this probably was due to the view of slaves as objects compared to servants who were seen as humans.}},
  author       = {{Åkesson, Jonathan}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Rättstillämpning under svensk kolonialtid - En komparativ uppsats där rättstillämpningen på S:t Barthélemy jämförs med rättstillämpningen i häradsrätten.}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}