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67 § KöpL och skadans avlägsenhet: Engelsk och Svensk Rätt

Larsson, Axel LU (2022) LAGF03 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats behandlar skadestånd som uppstår i det fall avtalsbrott har skett vid köp av lös egendom. Syftet är att kartlägga den kritik som riktats mot 67 § KöpL och indelningen mellan direkta och indirekta skador i svensk rätt för att sedan ge ett förslag de lege ferenda. Detta görs genom ett komparativt perspektiv där uppsatsen jämför den svenska regleringen av skadeståndets avlägsenhet med motsvarande bestämmelse i engelsk rätt.

67 § KöpL delar upp förluster i direkta och indirekta förluster, varav indirekta förluster endast ersätts om skadevållare har förfarit vårdslöst, brutit mot en utfästelse eller om skadan lidits inom ramen för en skadebegränsande åtgärd. Vad som utgör en indirekt förlust framgår av 67 § 2 st. KöpL, där... (More)
Denna uppsats behandlar skadestånd som uppstår i det fall avtalsbrott har skett vid köp av lös egendom. Syftet är att kartlägga den kritik som riktats mot 67 § KöpL och indelningen mellan direkta och indirekta skador i svensk rätt för att sedan ge ett förslag de lege ferenda. Detta görs genom ett komparativt perspektiv där uppsatsen jämför den svenska regleringen av skadeståndets avlägsenhet med motsvarande bestämmelse i engelsk rätt.

67 § KöpL delar upp förluster i direkta och indirekta förluster, varav indirekta förluster endast ersätts om skadevållare har förfarit vårdslöst, brutit mot en utfästelse eller om skadan lidits inom ramen för en skadebegränsande åtgärd. Vad som utgör en indirekt förlust framgår av 67 § 2 st. KöpL, där lagstiftaren i en uttömmande lista har angivit olika exempel på indirekta förluster. Sista punkten lämnar dock frågan öppen för tolkning eftersom där anges det att annan liknande förlust, om den varit svår att förutse, ska anses vara en indirekt förlust.

I engelsk rätt avgörs frågan om skadeståndets avlägsenhet genom en två-stegs-bedömning med sin grund i avgörandet Hadley v. Baxendale. Sådana förluster som får anses vara en naturlig följd av avtalsbrottet ersätts med strikt ansvar om inte annat framgår av avtalet. Exceptionella skador, det vill säga sådana som är för avlägsna för att kunna anses vara en naturlig följd av avtalsbrottet, ersätts endast om de kan visas vara i parternas begrundanden vid avtalsslutet.

I doktrin har 67 § KöpL kritiserats för att vara svårförståelig och svårtillämpad, särskilt med hänsyn till sista punkten i 67 § 2 st. KöpL. Internationellt sett är Norden även en utstickare i att använda sig av en uppdelning av indirekta och direkta skador istället för en förutsebarhetsprövning såsom den som återfinns i engelsk rätt.

Det förslag de lege ferenda som uppsatsen presenterar i avsnitt 4-5 inkorporerar en del av den systematik som ligger bakom den engelska regleringen. Direkta och indirekta skador slopas och ersätts istället med att samtliga skador inom en förutsebarhetssfär omfattas av ett kontrollansvar. De skador som inte faller inom förutsebarhetssfären ersätts endast om skadelidande kan visa att denne gjort motparten medveten om den omständighet som kan leda till den svårförutsedda förlusten. (Less)
Abstract
This essay concerns damages that arise in the event of a breach of a sale of goods contract. The purpose is to map out the critique that has been voiced concerning section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and the categorisation of damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages in Swedish law. The essay will also provide a suggestion as to how the Swedish regulation of the issue could look like, using a comparative perspective to compare the Swedish regulation of remoteness of damages with the corresponding rule in English law.

Section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act categorises damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages, where indirect damages are only recoverable if the respondent has acted with negligence, not fulfilled a... (More)
This essay concerns damages that arise in the event of a breach of a sale of goods contract. The purpose is to map out the critique that has been voiced concerning section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and the categorisation of damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages in Swedish law. The essay will also provide a suggestion as to how the Swedish regulation of the issue could look like, using a comparative perspective to compare the Swedish regulation of remoteness of damages with the corresponding rule in English law.

Section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act categorises damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages, where indirect damages are only recoverable if the respondent has acted with negligence, not fulfilled a stipulation or if the indirect damage was suffered as a mitigating measure to avoid suffering a larger direct damage. Section 67.2 provides an exhaustive list of what constitutes an indirect damage, with examples of typical damages that fall within the category of ‘indirect damages’. The list ends with certain ambiguity, with the legislator stating that similar damages, if difficult to foresee, shall be regarded as an indirect damage.

In English law the question of remoteness of damages is dealt with in the two-branched rule formulated in Hadley v. Baxendale and the following series of cases. Damages are recoverable if they are arising naturally from the breach or when they “may reasonably be supposed to be in the contemplation of the parties as a probable result of the breach” of the contract at the contracting time.

Section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act has been criticized in literature for being difficult to understand and to apply, especially concerning the last point in section 67.2. Internationally, the Nordic region is also somewhat of an outlier in using direct and indirect damages instead of a foreseeability test such as the one found in English law.

The suggestion as to how section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act should look like incorporates a substantial part the English solution to the remoteness of damages problem. The idea of direct and indirect damages is abandoned. Instead, all sufficiently foreseeable damages are held recoverable subject to a control-test, where the claimant must show that the breaching event was something the respondent had control over. Damages that are not sufficiently foreseeable are only recoverable if the claimant also can show that they have made the respondent aware of the circumstances that gives rise to the unforeseeable loss incurred. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Larsson, Axel LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20221
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
komparativ rätt, comparative law, Hadley v Baxendale, remoteness of damage, skadestånd, Köplagen, 67 §
language
Swedish
id
9081265
date added to LUP
2022-06-28 09:55:08
date last changed
2022-06-28 09:55:08
@misc{9081265,
  abstract     = {{This essay concerns damages that arise in the event of a breach of a sale of goods contract. The purpose is to map out the critique that has been voiced concerning section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act and the categorisation of damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages in Swedish law. The essay will also provide a suggestion as to how the Swedish regulation of the issue could look like, using a comparative perspective to compare the Swedish regulation of remoteness of damages with the corresponding rule in English law. 

Section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act categorises damages into ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ damages, where indirect damages are only recoverable if the respondent has acted with negligence, not fulfilled a stipulation or if the indirect damage was suffered as a mitigating measure to avoid suffering a larger direct damage. Section 67.2 provides an exhaustive list of what constitutes an indirect damage, with examples of typical damages that fall within the category of ‘indirect damages’. The list ends with certain ambiguity, with the legislator stating that similar damages, if difficult to foresee, shall be regarded as an indirect damage. 

In English law the question of remoteness of damages is dealt with in the two-branched rule formulated in Hadley v. Baxendale and the following series of cases. Damages are recoverable if they are arising naturally from the breach or when they “may reasonably be supposed to be in the contemplation of the parties as a probable result of the breach” of the contract at the contracting time. 

Section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act has been criticized in literature for being difficult to understand and to apply, especially concerning the last point in section 67.2. Internationally, the Nordic region is also somewhat of an outlier in using direct and indirect damages instead of a foreseeability test such as the one found in English law. 

The suggestion as to how section 67 of the Swedish Sale of Goods Act should look like incorporates a substantial part the English solution to the remoteness of damages problem. The idea of direct and indirect damages is abandoned. Instead, all sufficiently foreseeable damages are held recoverable subject to a control-test, where the claimant must show that the breaching event was something the respondent had control over. Damages that are not sufficiently foreseeable are only recoverable if the claimant also can show that they have made the respondent aware of the circumstances that gives rise to the unforeseeable loss incurred.}},
  author       = {{Larsson, Axel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{67 § KöpL och skadans avlägsenhet: Engelsk och Svensk Rätt}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}