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Sharenting – används barn som ekonomiska aktörer i sina vårdnadshavares influenserverksamheter?

Ohlsson, Caroline LU (2022) JURM02 20221
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sharenting är ett relativt nytt fenomen som fått stor medial uppmärksamhet de senaste åren. Vårdnadshavare i form av privatpersoner och influensers tenderar att obetänksamt dela bilder och information om sina barn på nätet utan att tänka på vilka konsekvenser delandet kan leda till. Barns rättigheter har stärkts i allmänhet när FN:s Barnkonvention inkorporerades i svensk lagstiftning år 2020. Barnkonventionen syftar till att skydda alla barns rättigheter till att få sina grundläggande behov tillgodosedda. De ratificerade konventionsstaterna ska bland annat se till att barn respekteras och beslut som rör ett barn ska tas i ljuset av vad som är bäst för det individuella barnet. Barn ska skyddas från övergrepp och utnyttjande i form av... (More)
Sharenting är ett relativt nytt fenomen som fått stor medial uppmärksamhet de senaste åren. Vårdnadshavare i form av privatpersoner och influensers tenderar att obetänksamt dela bilder och information om sina barn på nätet utan att tänka på vilka konsekvenser delandet kan leda till. Barns rättigheter har stärkts i allmänhet när FN:s Barnkonvention inkorporerades i svensk lagstiftning år 2020. Barnkonventionen syftar till att skydda alla barns rättigheter till att få sina grundläggande behov tillgodosedda. De ratificerade konventionsstaterna ska bland annat se till att barn respekteras och beslut som rör ett barn ska tas i ljuset av vad som är bäst för det individuella barnet. Barn ska skyddas från övergrepp och utnyttjande i form av barnarbete. Enligt FN:s allmänna kommentarer ska barn skyddas inte bara mot utnyttjande av barnarbete från andra organisationer, utan även mot sina vårdnadshavares ekonomiska intressen. Antalet följare en influenser har påverkar generellt hur hög ersättning ett företag är villigt att ge för att bli marknadsförd på influenserns plattformar. Studier visar att influensers kan öka sitt följarantal med upp till 150 % när de blir föräldrar vilket innebär att barn kan verka som ekonomiska aktörer på influensers plattformar. Små barn är att ses som särskilt skyddsvärda på grund av deras maktlöshet och beroendeställning till sina vårdnadshavare. Eftersom influensers ofta bedriver näringsverksamheter och tenderar att öka sin omsättning genom användning av barn i sina inlägg uppkommer frågan om huruvida vårdnadshavares ekonomiska intressen kan stå i motsättning till principen om barnets bästa.

Utredningen behandlar gällande rätt för sharenting utifrån svensk rätt med en utblick till the Coogan Law i USA samt den nya lagstiftning i Frankrike som trädde i kraft år 2021. Lagstiftningen bekräftar bland annat att barns skyddsvärda intresse i form av integritet utifrån principen om barnets bästa väger tyngre än deras vårdnadshavares ekonomiska intressen. Den nya lagstiftningen är förenad med straffansvar för den som begår lagbrott eller strider mot barnets vilja, med böter och fängelse upp till 5 år. Utredningens slutsats visar på att svensk rätt kan tänka om i vissa avseenden för att ge barn ett starkare skydd vid kommersiella intressen. Om influensers verksamheter bedöms vara kommersiella istället för redaktionella får barn ett starkare skydd mot sina vårdnadshavares ekonomiska intressen. Barn kan i så fall inte utnyttjats i samma grad som ekonomiska aktörer vilket hade varit i enlighet med Barnkonventionen och principen om barnets bästa. Under utredningens gång har det däremot flera motioner om ändringar i YGL och TF röstats igenom av Riksdagen, vilka kan ge förändringar i förhållandet mellan grundlagsskyddet och den personliga integriteten. Ändringarna förväntas träda i kraft 1 januari 2023 om de röstas igenom igen efter nästa riksdagsval.

Det olika riskerna föräldrar utsätter sina barn för genom sharenting är bland annat socialt utanförskap, nätmobbning samt utsatthet för brott, både på och utanför internet. FN:s Barnkonvention inkorporerades i svensk lagstiftning år 2020 vilket har ökat skyddet för barns rättigheter. Små barn är att anses som extra skyddsvärda objekt på grund av sin maktlöshet och beroende till sina vårdnadshavare. Influensers bedriver verksamheter och tenderar till att tjäna stora summor pengar på grund av sharenting. Vid kommersiella inlägg omfattas de av fler lagar än föräldrar som delar på privata sociala medier. Barn har rätt att inte bli ekonomiskt utnyttjade för andras ekonomiska intresse och vid arbete har de rätt till en marknadsenlig lön enligt Barnkonvention artikel 32.

Utredningen behandlar gällande rätt för sharenting utifrån svensk rätt med en utblick till the Coogan Law i USA samt den nya lagstiftning i Frankrike som trädde i kraft år 2021. Lagstiftningen bekräftar bland annat barns skyddsvärda intresse i form av integritet utifrån principen om barnets bästa, gentemot deras föräldrars ekonomiska intressen. Den nya lagstiftningen är förenad med straffansvar för den som begår lagbrott eller strider mot barnets vilja, med böter och fängelse upp till 5 år. Utredningens slutsats visar på att svensk rätt kan tänka om i vissa avseenden för att ge barn ett starkare skydd vid kommersiella intressen. Om influensers verksamheter bedöms vara kommersiella istället för redaktionella hade barn fått ett starkare skydd mot deras föräldrars ekonomiska intressen. Barn hade inte utnyttjats i samma grad som ekonomiska aktörer vilket hade varit förenligt med Barnkonventionen och principen om barnets bästa. Under utredningens gång har det däremot flera motioner om ändringar i YGL och TF röstats igenom av Riksdagen, vilka kan ge förändringar i förhållandet mellan grundlagsskyddet och den personliga integriteten. Ändringarna förväntas träda i kraft 1 januari 2023 om de röstas igenom igen efter nästa riksdagsval. (Less)
Abstract
Sharenting is a relatively new phenomenon which has received a great deal of media attention in recent years. Guardians in the form of private individuals and influencers tend to carelessly share photos and information about their children online without thinking about the consequences of sharing. Children's rights have been strengthened in general when the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020. The Convention on the Rights of the Child aims to protect all children's rights to have their basic needs met. The ratified States Parties shall, inter alia, ensure that children are respected and decisions concerning a child shall be taken in the light of what is best for the individual child.... (More)
Sharenting is a relatively new phenomenon which has received a great deal of media attention in recent years. Guardians in the form of private individuals and influencers tend to carelessly share photos and information about their children online without thinking about the consequences of sharing. Children's rights have been strengthened in general when the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020. The Convention on the Rights of the Child aims to protect all children's rights to have their basic needs met. The ratified States Parties shall, inter alia, ensure that children are respected and decisions concerning a child shall be taken in the light of what is best for the individual child. Children must be protected from abuse and exploitation in the form of child labor. According to the UN's general comments, children must be protected not only against the exploitation of child labor by other organizations, but also against the financial interests of their guardians. The number of followers an influencer has generally affects how much compensation a company is willing to give to be marketed on the influencer's platforms. Studies show that influencers can increase their number of followers by up to 150% when they become parents, which means that children can act as economic actors on influencers' platforms. Young children are to be seen as particularly worthy of protection due to their powerlessness and dependence on their guardians. Since influencers often run businesses and tend to increase their turnover due to the use of children in their posts, the question arises as to whether the guardians' financial interests may be in conflict with the principle of the best interests of the child.

The inquiry deals with current law for sharenting based on Swedish law with a view to the Coogan Law in the USA and the new legislation in France that came into force in 2021. The legislation confirms, among other things, that children's interest worthy of protection in the form of integrity based on the principle of the best interests of the child outweighs the financial interests of their guardians. The new legislation is associated with criminal liability for those who commit offenses or contravene the will of the child, with fines and imprisonment for up to 5 years. The inquiry's conclusion shows that Swedish law can rethink certain respects to give children stronger protection in commercial contexts. If the activities of influencers are judged to be commercial instead of editorial, children would have received stronger protection against their parents' financial interests. Children had not been exploited to the same degree as economic actors, which would have been compatible with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the principle of the best interests of the child. During the course of the investigation, however, several motions on changes in the Freedom of Expression Act and the Freedom of the Press Regulation have been voted through by the Swedish Parliament, which may result in changes in the relationship between constitutional protection and personal integrity. The amendments are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2023 if they are voted through again after the next parliamentary elections.

The various risks parents expose their children to through sharenting include social exclusion, cyberbullying, and exposure to crime, both on and off the internet. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020, which has increased the protection of children's rights. Young children are to be regarded as extra objects worthy of protection due to their powerlessness and dependence on their guardians. Influencers run businesses and tend to make large sums of money due to sharenting. In commercial posts, they are covered by more laws than parents who share on private social media. Children have the right not to be financially exploited for the financial interest of others and at work they are entitled to a market-based salary according to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child article 32.

The inquiry deals with current law for sharenting based on Swedish law with a view to the Coogan Law in the USA and the new legislation in France that came into force in 2021. The legislation confirms, among other things, children's protected interest in the form of integrity based on the child's best interests. parents' financial interests. The new legislation is associated with criminal liability for those who commit offenses or contravene the will of the child, with fines and imprisonment for up to 5 years. The inquiry's conclusion shows that Swedish law can rethink in certain respects to give children stronger protection in commercial interests. If the activities of influencers are judged to be commercial instead of editorial, children would have received stronger protection against their parents' financial interests. Children had not been exploited to the same degree as economic actors, which would have been compatible with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the principle of the best interests of the child. During the course of the investigation, however, several motions on changes in YGL and TF have been voted through by the Swedish Parliament, which may result in changes in the relationship between constitutional protection and personal integrity. The amendments are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2023 if they are voted through again after the next parliamentary elections. (Less)
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author
Ohlsson, Caroline LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Sharenting - are children used as economic actors in their guardians' influence activities?
course
JURM02 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Influenser, Influencer, influerare, sharenting, ekonomiska aktörer, barnets bästa, ekonomiska intressen, The coogan law
language
Swedish
id
9081476
date added to LUP
2022-06-23 11:05:00
date last changed
2022-06-23 11:05:00
@misc{9081476,
  abstract     = {{Sharenting is a relatively new phenomenon which has received a great deal of media attention in recent years. Guardians in the form of private individuals and influencers tend to carelessly share photos and information about their children online without thinking about the consequences of sharing. Children's rights have been strengthened in general when the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020. The Convention on the Rights of the Child aims to protect all children's rights to have their basic needs met. The ratified States Parties shall, inter alia, ensure that children are respected and decisions concerning a child shall be taken in the light of what is best for the individual child. Children must be protected from abuse and exploitation in the form of child labor. According to the UN's general comments, children must be protected not only against the exploitation of child labor by other organizations, but also against the financial interests of their guardians. The number of followers an influencer has generally affects how much compensation a company is willing to give to be marketed on the influencer's platforms. Studies show that influencers can increase their number of followers by up to 150% when they become parents, which means that children can act as economic actors on influencers' platforms. Young children are to be seen as particularly worthy of protection due to their powerlessness and dependence on their guardians. Since influencers often run businesses and tend to increase their turnover due to the use of children in their posts, the question arises as to whether the guardians' financial interests may be in conflict with the principle of the best interests of the child.

The inquiry deals with current law for sharenting based on Swedish law with a view to the Coogan Law in the USA and the new legislation in France that came into force in 2021. The legislation confirms, among other things, that children's interest worthy of protection in the form of integrity based on the principle of the best interests of the child outweighs the financial interests of their guardians. The new legislation is associated with criminal liability for those who commit offenses or contravene the will of the child, with fines and imprisonment for up to 5 years. The inquiry's conclusion shows that Swedish law can rethink certain respects to give children stronger protection in commercial contexts. If the activities of influencers are judged to be commercial instead of editorial, children would have received stronger protection against their parents' financial interests. Children had not been exploited to the same degree as economic actors, which would have been compatible with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the principle of the best interests of the child. During the course of the investigation, however, several motions on changes in the Freedom of Expression Act and the Freedom of the Press Regulation have been voted through by the Swedish Parliament, which may result in changes in the relationship between constitutional protection and personal integrity. The amendments are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2023 if they are voted through again after the next parliamentary elections.

The various risks parents expose their children to through sharenting include social exclusion, cyberbullying, and exposure to crime, both on and off the internet. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020, which has increased the protection of children's rights. Young children are to be regarded as extra objects worthy of protection due to their powerlessness and dependence on their guardians. Influencers run businesses and tend to make large sums of money due to sharenting. In commercial posts, they are covered by more laws than parents who share on private social media. Children have the right not to be financially exploited for the financial interest of others and at work they are entitled to a market-based salary according to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child article 32. 

The inquiry deals with current law for sharenting based on Swedish law with a view to the Coogan Law in the USA and the new legislation in France that came into force in 2021. The legislation confirms, among other things, children's protected interest in the form of integrity based on the child's best interests. parents' financial interests. The new legislation is associated with criminal liability for those who commit offenses or contravene the will of the child, with fines and imprisonment for up to 5 years. The inquiry's conclusion shows that Swedish law can rethink in certain respects to give children stronger protection in commercial interests. If the activities of influencers are judged to be commercial instead of editorial, children would have received stronger protection against their parents' financial interests. Children had not been exploited to the same degree as economic actors, which would have been compatible with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the principle of the best interests of the child. During the course of the investigation, however, several motions on changes in YGL and TF have been voted through by the Swedish Parliament, which may result in changes in the relationship between constitutional protection and personal integrity. The amendments are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2023 if they are voted through again after the next parliamentary elections.}},
  author       = {{Ohlsson, Caroline}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Sharenting – används barn som ekonomiska aktörer i sina vårdnadshavares influenserverksamheter?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}