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Avgifter för spår i naturen - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?

Nilsson, William LU (2022) VFTM01 20221
Real Estate Science
Abstract
The right of public access, in Swedish called allemansrätten, gives people the opportunity to roam freely in nature. Whether one prefers to explore nature by foot, on a bike or on a pair of skis is up to the individual since the right of public access includes all the above-mentioned types of transportation. Today there seems to be a trend that the usage of cross-country skiing tracks and mountain bike trails increasingly becomes subject to a charge. The aim of this essay is to investigate the occurrence of charges for the usage of different types of trails and tracks in nature, investigate the appearance and the traits of the trails that are subject to a charge and to compare the results to the current legal situation.

The right of... (More)
The right of public access, in Swedish called allemansrätten, gives people the opportunity to roam freely in nature. Whether one prefers to explore nature by foot, on a bike or on a pair of skis is up to the individual since the right of public access includes all the above-mentioned types of transportation. Today there seems to be a trend that the usage of cross-country skiing tracks and mountain bike trails increasingly becomes subject to a charge. The aim of this essay is to investigate the occurrence of charges for the usage of different types of trails and tracks in nature, investigate the appearance and the traits of the trails that are subject to a charge and to compare the results to the current legal situation.

The right of public access can be described as the right to use the land of others with caution, meaning you are not allowed to disturb or destroy anything. The right is built around the premise that nature is supposed to be free of charge, therefore one should not need to pay a fee when going for a stroll in the forest, taking a swim in a lake or likewise. However, an exception from the rule is when a landowner, or someone else, has constructed some kind of facility which has required big investments. In these cases, a fee for the usage of the facility is allowed. A diving tower with springboards is usually made as an example of a facility of this kind.

In the case HFD 2012:70 a ski track was for the first time regarded as a facility and a municipality was therefore given the right to demand a fee for skiing on the track. The facility was at the time one of the bigger ski stadiums in Sweden and the work and the costs for laying the tracks and creating artificial snow was deemed to be enough for the tracks, combined with a couple of smaller buildings which were associated with the track, to qualify as a facility. The case broadened the concept of facility to now include ski tracks however a clear view over what it takes for a ski track to qualify as a facility was not given by the court.

An investigation has been made to highlight the commonness of fees for cross-country-and mtb trails. The investigation shows that 10 % of every ski track in Sweden has been subject to a charge with a general fee per day at around 70 Swedish kronor and 750 Swedish kronor per season. The ski tracks that are subjected to a charge are generally bigger facilities with a lot of different tracks, prepared for both free- and classical technique and usually having production of artificial snow. Changing rooms and ski waxing cabins are also commonly found next to the tracks. Fees are not connected to a certain type of track holder but are generally higher if the track holder is an incorporated company.

None of the investigated mountain bike trails were subjected to a charge. Fees are still uncommon when it comes to mountain bike trails however 9 different mountain bike facilities with fees were identified in this essay. These facilities are characterized by offering a lot of different trails, at different levels of difficulty and design. Most of the trails with fees that were investigated had an incorporated company as track holder.

The concept of what makes a facility is still relatively unclear especially regarding mountain bike trails. The amount of costs associated with preparation of the trail is an important factor. The right of public access includes all nature, which should be free of charge, and therefore my opinion is that a facility clearly must be something else than nature. With this type of reasoning a machine-made mountain bike trail which has cost a lot of money to construct could be regarded as a facility and therefore be subject to a fee. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Spåravgifter - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?


En promenad i naturen, en cykeltur i skogen eller en skidtur på fjället - ja allt detta har vi rätt att utföra helt gratis tack vare allemansrätten. Men under senare år har det blivit allt vanligare att man tvingas att betala för skidspår och cykelspår i naturen. Är denna utveckling verkligen förenlig med allemansrätten?

I det nyligen presenterade examensarbetet “Spåravgifter - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?” genomfördes en undersökning som visar att 10 % av alla skidspår i Sverige numera kostar att använda. I genomsnitt får man betala runt 70 kronor per dag eller 750 kronor per säsong för att få nyttja ett spår. En närmare granskning visar att det inte är vilka spår... (More)
Spåravgifter - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?


En promenad i naturen, en cykeltur i skogen eller en skidtur på fjället - ja allt detta har vi rätt att utföra helt gratis tack vare allemansrätten. Men under senare år har det blivit allt vanligare att man tvingas att betala för skidspår och cykelspår i naturen. Är denna utveckling verkligen förenlig med allemansrätten?

I det nyligen presenterade examensarbetet “Spåravgifter - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?” genomfördes en undersökning som visar att 10 % av alla skidspår i Sverige numera kostar att använda. I genomsnitt får man betala runt 70 kronor per dag eller 750 kronor per säsong för att få nyttja ett spår. En närmare granskning visar att det inte är vilka spår som helst som plockar ut dessa avgifter utan i många fall är det större anläggningar där man erbjuder fina skidförhållanden med många spår av olika längd. Oftast finns möjlighet till åkning i både klassisk- och fristil och inte sällan finns ett spår gjort på tillverkad snö, så kallad konstsnö.

Tillåtet att ta betalt
Men det här med att tillverka snö och att preparera skidspår, är inte det en rätt kostsam process? Jo, visst är det så. Vore det då inte lämpligt att t.ex. en idrottsförening får rätt att ta betalt för att kunna täcka sina kostnader?

Frågan fick ett svar år 2012 då Mora kommun fick rätt att ta betalt för spåren på Mora skidstadion. Spåren klassades som en anläggning och därmed omfattades inte själva spåret av allemansrätten. Detta medförde att det var tillåtet för kommunen att ta betalt för anläggningen.


Slutet för den fria skidåkningen?
Innebär detta beslut slutet för den fria skidåkningen? Och vad händer med andra typer av spår som mountainbikespår och vandringsleder? Ligger de i riskzonen för att bli avgiftsbelagda de med? Nja, belsutet innebar inte att alla spår blir kvalificerade som anläggningar. Ett spår kan endast vara en anläggning om stort arbete och stora kostnader lagts ned på att göra iordning spåret så att spåret blir att betrakta som något annat än natur. Hur mycket arbete och hur många kronor som är tillräckligt för att nå denna gräns är oklart. Att Lugnets skidstadion tar ut en avgift för att åka på deras längdskidspår av yttersta världsklass är kanske inte så konstigt. Däremot rynkar man desto mer på ögonbrynen om en markägare plötsligt börjar ta betalt för sitt egentillverkade skidspår. Denna bedömning måste därmed alltid göras från fall till fall.

Andra typer av spår
Även mountainbikespår har börjat avgiftsbeläggas även om det fortfarande är mycket ovanligt. Det finns egentligen inget som hindrar att även en större mtb-anläggning har rätt att ta ut en avgift mer än att de generellt kräver mindre underhållsarbete än skidspår som ofta prepareras dagligen.

Friluftslivet förändras. De spåranläggningar man tar betalt för idag är ändrade i så stor grad att de knappast kan räknas som natur och därigenom inte ingår i allemansrätten. Kanske kommer avgifter för längdskidspår och mtb-spår bara bli vanligare i takt med att brukarna ställer högre krav på spårens kvalitet. Det får framtida studier klargöra.

William Nilsson, Civilingenjör Lantmäteri, Lunds Tekniska Högskola 2022-05-17 (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, William LU
supervisor
organization
course
VFTM01 20221
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Allemansrätt, anläggning, avgifter, natur, spår och leder
other publication id
ISRN LUTVDG/TVLM 22/5506SE
language
Swedish
id
9094672
date added to LUP
2022-06-30 13:06:20
date last changed
2022-06-30 13:06:20
@misc{9094672,
  abstract     = {{The right of public access, in Swedish called allemansrätten, gives people the opportunity to roam freely in nature. Whether one prefers to explore nature by foot, on a bike or on a pair of skis is up to the individual since the right of public access includes all the above-mentioned types of transportation. Today there seems to be a trend that the usage of cross-country skiing tracks and mountain bike trails increasingly becomes subject to a charge. The aim of this essay is to investigate the occurrence of charges for the usage of different types of trails and tracks in nature, investigate the appearance and the traits of the trails that are subject to a charge and to compare the results to the current legal situation. 

The right of public access can be described as the right to use the land of others with caution, meaning you are not allowed to disturb or destroy anything. The right is built around the premise that nature is supposed to be free of charge, therefore one should not need to pay a fee when going for a stroll in the forest, taking a swim in a lake or likewise. However, an exception from the rule is when a landowner, or someone else, has constructed some kind of facility which has required big investments. In these cases, a fee for the usage of the facility is allowed. A diving tower with springboards is usually made as an example of a facility of this kind. 

In the case HFD 2012:70 a ski track was for the first time regarded as a facility and a municipality was therefore given the right to demand a fee for skiing on the track. The facility was at the time one of the bigger ski stadiums in Sweden and the work and the costs for laying the tracks and creating artificial snow was deemed to be enough for the tracks, combined with a couple of smaller buildings which were associated with the track, to qualify as a facility. The case broadened the concept of facility to now include ski tracks however a clear view over what it takes for a ski track to qualify as a facility was not given by the court. 

An investigation has been made to highlight the commonness of fees for cross-country-and mtb trails. The investigation shows that 10 % of every ski track in Sweden has been subject to a charge with a general fee per day at around 70 Swedish kronor and 750 Swedish kronor per season. The ski tracks that are subjected to a charge are generally bigger facilities with a lot of different tracks, prepared for both free- and classical technique and usually having production of artificial snow. Changing rooms and ski waxing cabins are also commonly found next to the tracks. Fees are not connected to a certain type of track holder but are generally higher if the track holder is an incorporated company. 

None of the investigated mountain bike trails were subjected to a charge. Fees are still uncommon when it comes to mountain bike trails however 9 different mountain bike facilities with fees were identified in this essay. These facilities are characterized by offering a lot of different trails, at different levels of difficulty and design. Most of the trails with fees that were investigated had an incorporated company as track holder. 

The concept of what makes a facility is still relatively unclear especially regarding mountain bike trails. The amount of costs associated with preparation of the trail is an important factor. The right of public access includes all nature, which should be free of charge, and therefore my opinion is that a facility clearly must be something else than nature. With this type of reasoning a machine-made mountain bike trail which has cost a lot of money to construct could be regarded as a facility and therefore be subject to a fee.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, William}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Avgifter för spår i naturen - Är det tillåtet och hur vanligt är det?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}