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Climate Change Litigation – en analys av pågående klimattvister i Europadomstolen

Söderström, Helga LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I takt med att klimatförändringarna får allt större inverkan på människors liv och vardag ökar antalet rättstvister vars talan grundar sig i ett anspråk om att en mänsklig rättighet har kränkts i och med klimatförändringarna. Käromålet utgår från att en rättighet har kränkts med anledning av klimatförändringarna, och att staten bör hållas ansvarig på grund av dess försumliga eller bristfälliga hantering av klimatförändringarna. I uppsatsen undersöks och definieras den oreglerade termen klimattvist. Uppsatsen finner att spännvidden på vad som inryms i termen klimattvist varierar globalt beroende på rättstradition och forskningsfråga. Det är således inte möjligt att ge en heltäckande och klar de-finition av vad en klimattvist är. För... (More)
I takt med att klimatförändringarna får allt större inverkan på människors liv och vardag ökar antalet rättstvister vars talan grundar sig i ett anspråk om att en mänsklig rättighet har kränkts i och med klimatförändringarna. Käromålet utgår från att en rättighet har kränkts med anledning av klimatförändringarna, och att staten bör hållas ansvarig på grund av dess försumliga eller bristfälliga hantering av klimatförändringarna. I uppsatsen undersöks och definieras den oreglerade termen klimattvist. Uppsatsen finner att spännvidden på vad som inryms i termen klimattvist varierar globalt beroende på rättstradition och forskningsfråga. Det är således inte möjligt att ge en heltäckande och klar de-finition av vad en klimattvist är. För uppsatsens vidkommande har FN:s mil-jöprograms definition av klimattvist använts vid urval av praxis. Uppsatsen definierar begreppet klimattvist som ett mål vars käromål särskilt hänvisar till riktlinjer som ämnar att begränsa klimatförändringarna, anpassa sig till klimat-förändringar, eller som hänvisar till vetenskap om klimatförändringar.
I förhållande till rättigheterna enligt Europakonventionen handläggs just nu fyra klimattvister i Europadomstolen. Uppsatsen undersöker och analyserar principiellt likartad praxis från Europadomstolen i syfte att ge en preliminär bedömning av de pågående målen. Rent konkret undersöker uppsatsen vilka skyldigheter en konventionsstat har enligt Europakonventionen artikel 2 och artikel 8 i förhållande till klimatförändringarna. Mot bakgrund av hur Europa-domstolen har dömt i mål som relaterar till naturkatastrofer eller annan typ av förorening eller miljöförstöring finner uppsatsen att en konventionsstat har positiva förpliktelser enligt Europakonventionen artikel 2 och artikel 8. För-pliktelserna gäller dels en skyldighet att upprätta ett normativt ramverk till skydd för rättigheterna, dels en skyldighet att vidta operativa åtgärder till skydd för rättigheterna Rent konkret innebär de skyldigheterna att konvent-ionsstaten har en förpliktelse att efterfölja de internationella konventioner som undertecknats på miljöskyddets område. Som exempel på operativa åtgärder innefattas exempelvis statens skyldighet att utöva tillsyn och låta allmänheten vara delaktig i beslut som rör miljöfarlig verksamhet.
Vad gäller förpliktelserna i förhållande till klimatförändringarna finner uppsat-sen att det är ett rimligt antagande att Europadomstolen kommer att göra en likartad bedömning i frågan om antropogena klimatförändringar såsom de har gjort i frågan om naturkatastrofer. Slutsatsen grundar sig på att det är princi-piellt likartade frågor som har behandlats vars argument är tillämpliga även på klimattvisterna. En knäckfråga i uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur kon-ventionsstatens ansvar och förpliktelserna ställer sig gentemot konventionssta-tens egen bedömningsmarginal vad gäller val av medel till skydd för rättighet-erna med beaktande av proportionalitetsprincipen och subsidiaritetsprincipen. I förhållande till klimatförändringarna finner uppsatsen att konventionsstatens förpliktelser sträcker sig längre än vad bedömningsmarginalen och proport-ionalitetsprincipen fordrar. Det innebär att trots att subsidiaritetsprincipen är stark, liksom proportionalitetsprincipen, sträcker sig konventionsstatens an-svar för rättigheterna enligt Europakonventionen längre, mot bakgrund av konventionsstaten som den enskilt mest inflytelserika aktören vad gäller att utöva tillsyn och säkerställa ett regelverk på miljöskyddets område.
Det är med andra ord rimligt att anta att Europadomstolen kommer att utvidga praxis på miljörättens område till att även innefatta även klimattvister. Med det avses att rättigheterna som följer enligt Europakonventionen artikel 2 och arti-kel 8, vilka har tolkats i praxis vid fall av naturkatastrofer och föroreningar, även kommer att vara utkrävbara och hålla konventionsstaten ansvarig i för-hållande till klimatförändringarna.
Vad gäller Europadomstolens roll i frågan om utvecklingen av klimattvister kan konstateras att Europadomstolen inte är den mest lämpliga plattformen för sökande att vända sig till vid anspråk av mänskliga rättigheter i förhållande till klimatförändringarna, mot bakgrund av att Europadomstolen inte nödvändigt-vis kan tillhandahålla den rättsliga effekt som käranden söker. Visserligen kan Europadomstolen tillerkänna käranden ersättning i den mån konventionssta-tens inhemska lagstiftning förhindrar full ersättning, men vad gäller kärandens verkliga anspråk om upphävning av tillstånd eller begränsningsåtgärder sak-nar Europadomstolen befogenhet att döma till kärandens fördel. (Less)
Abstract
As climate change has an ever-greater impact on people's lives, the number of lawsuits based on a claim that a human right has been violated due to climate change is increasing. The claim assumes that a right has been violated due to climate change, and that the state should be held responsible because of its negligent or inadequate response to the climate changes. This essay examines and defines the unregulated term climate litigation. The essay finds that the scope of what is included in the term varies globally depending on legal tradi-tion and research question. It is thus not possible to give a comprehensive and clear definition of what a climate dispute is. In this essay, the UN Environ-ment Program’s definition of climate change... (More)
As climate change has an ever-greater impact on people's lives, the number of lawsuits based on a claim that a human right has been violated due to climate change is increasing. The claim assumes that a right has been violated due to climate change, and that the state should be held responsible because of its negligent or inadequate response to the climate changes. This essay examines and defines the unregulated term climate litigation. The essay finds that the scope of what is included in the term varies globally depending on legal tradi-tion and research question. It is thus not possible to give a comprehensive and clear definition of what a climate dispute is. In this essay, the UN Environ-ment Program’s definition of climate change litigation has been used in the selection of practices. The essay defines the concept of climate change litiga-tion as a case whose claim specifically refers to guidelines that intend to limit climate change, adapt to climate change, or that refer to science about climate change.
In relation to the rights according to the European Convention, four climate disputes are currently being processed in the European Court of Justice. The essay examines and analyzes fundamentally similar practice from the Europe-an Court of Justice to provide a preliminary assessment of the ongoing cases. This essay investigates which obligations a convention state has according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8 in relation to climate change. Based on how the European Court of Justice has ruled in cases relating to natural disasters or other types of pollution or environmental destruction, this essay finds that a convention state has positive obligations according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8. The obligations apply partly to an obligation to establish a normative framework to protect the rights, partly an obligation to take operational measures to protect the right. More concretely that means that the convention state has an obligation to follow the interna-tional conventions that have been signed in the field of environmental protec-tion. Examples of operational measures include, for example, the state's obli-gation to exercise supervision and allow the public to participate in decisions relating to environmentally hazardous activities.
Regarding the obligations in relation to climate change, the essay finds that it is a reasonable assumption that the European Court of Justice will make a similar assessment in the matter of anthropogenic climate change as they have done in the matter of natural disasters. The conclusion is based on the fact that it is fundamentally similar issues that have been dealt with, the arguments of which are also applicable to the climate disputes. A key question in the essay has been to investigate how the convention state's responsibilities and obliga-tions stand in relation to the convention state's own margin of judgment in terms of choosing means to protect the rights, taking into account the principle of proportionality and the principle of subsidiarity. In relation to climate change, the essay finds that the state party's obligations extend further than the assessment margin and the principle of proportionality require. This means that despite the fact that the principle of subsidiarity is strong, as well as the principle of proportionality, the State Convention's responsibility for the rights according to the European Convention extends further, against the back-ground of the State Convention as the single most influential actor in terms of exercising supervision and ensuring a regulatory framework.
In other words, it is reasonable to assume that the European Court of Justice will expand practice in the area of environmental law to also include climate disputes. This means that the rights that follow according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8, which have been interpreted in practice in cases of natural disasters and pollution, will also be enforceable and hold the state party responsible in relation to climate change.
Regarding the role of the European Court of Justice in the issue of the devel-opment of climate disputes, it can be stated that the European Court is not the most appropriate platform for applicants to turn to when claiming human rights in relation to climate change, in light of the fact that the European Court cannot necessarily provide the legal effect as the plaintiff seeks. It is true that the European Court can award compensation to the claimant to the extent that the domestic legislation of the contracting state prevents full compensation, but with regard to the claimant's real claim for cancellation of permits or re-strictive measures, the European Court lacks the authority to rule in the claim-ant's favor. (Less)
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author
Söderström, Helga LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Folkrätt, miljörätt, Europakonventionen, klimatförändringar.
language
Swedish
id
9104769
date added to LUP
2023-01-25 14:55:20
date last changed
2023-01-25 14:55:20
@misc{9104769,
  abstract     = {{As climate change has an ever-greater impact on people's lives, the number of lawsuits based on a claim that a human right has been violated due to climate change is increasing. The claim assumes that a right has been violated due to climate change, and that the state should be held responsible because of its negligent or inadequate response to the climate changes. This essay examines and defines the unregulated term climate litigation. The essay finds that the scope of what is included in the term varies globally depending on legal tradi-tion and research question. It is thus not possible to give a comprehensive and clear definition of what a climate dispute is. In this essay, the UN Environ-ment Program’s definition of climate change litigation has been used in the selection of practices. The essay defines the concept of climate change litiga-tion as a case whose claim specifically refers to guidelines that intend to limit climate change, adapt to climate change, or that refer to science about climate change.
In relation to the rights according to the European Convention, four climate disputes are currently being processed in the European Court of Justice. The essay examines and analyzes fundamentally similar practice from the Europe-an Court of Justice to provide a preliminary assessment of the ongoing cases. This essay investigates which obligations a convention state has according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8 in relation to climate change. Based on how the European Court of Justice has ruled in cases relating to natural disasters or other types of pollution or environmental destruction, this essay finds that a convention state has positive obligations according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8. The obligations apply partly to an obligation to establish a normative framework to protect the rights, partly an obligation to take operational measures to protect the right. More concretely that means that the convention state has an obligation to follow the interna-tional conventions that have been signed in the field of environmental protec-tion. Examples of operational measures include, for example, the state's obli-gation to exercise supervision and allow the public to participate in decisions relating to environmentally hazardous activities.
Regarding the obligations in relation to climate change, the essay finds that it is a reasonable assumption that the European Court of Justice will make a similar assessment in the matter of anthropogenic climate change as they have done in the matter of natural disasters. The conclusion is based on the fact that it is fundamentally similar issues that have been dealt with, the arguments of which are also applicable to the climate disputes. A key question in the essay has been to investigate how the convention state's responsibilities and obliga-tions stand in relation to the convention state's own margin of judgment in terms of choosing means to protect the rights, taking into account the principle of proportionality and the principle of subsidiarity. In relation to climate change, the essay finds that the state party's obligations extend further than the assessment margin and the principle of proportionality require. This means that despite the fact that the principle of subsidiarity is strong, as well as the principle of proportionality, the State Convention's responsibility for the rights according to the European Convention extends further, against the back-ground of the State Convention as the single most influential actor in terms of exercising supervision and ensuring a regulatory framework.
In other words, it is reasonable to assume that the European Court of Justice will expand practice in the area of environmental law to also include climate disputes. This means that the rights that follow according to the European Convention Article 2 and Article 8, which have been interpreted in practice in cases of natural disasters and pollution, will also be enforceable and hold the state party responsible in relation to climate change.
Regarding the role of the European Court of Justice in the issue of the devel-opment of climate disputes, it can be stated that the European Court is not the most appropriate platform for applicants to turn to when claiming human rights in relation to climate change, in light of the fact that the European Court cannot necessarily provide the legal effect as the plaintiff seeks. It is true that the European Court can award compensation to the claimant to the extent that the domestic legislation of the contracting state prevents full compensation, but with regard to the claimant's real claim for cancellation of permits or re-strictive measures, the European Court lacks the authority to rule in the claim-ant's favor.}},
  author       = {{Söderström, Helga}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Climate Change Litigation – en analys av pågående klimattvister i Europadomstolen}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}