Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Kan kommunen gå över gränsen?

Sjöbeck, Ella LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
In recent decades society has changed towards becoming increasingly internationalized and globalized. This development has altered the prerequisites for municipal operations. The municipalities are increasingly acting internationally. There is now expressed political support for municipalities to be allowed to engage in international activities. However, the extent to which municipalities are allowed to act internationally is not apparent. The municipalities’ capacity to act internationally is limited by the fact that municipalities are not allowed to engage in foreign policy, because foreign policy is part of the government’s exclusive responsibility to govern the country according to Chapter 1 § 6 of the Instrument of Government, and the... (More)
In recent decades society has changed towards becoming increasingly internationalized and globalized. This development has altered the prerequisites for municipal operations. The municipalities are increasingly acting internationally. There is now expressed political support for municipalities to be allowed to engage in international activities. However, the extent to which municipalities are allowed to act internationally is not apparent. The municipalities’ capacity to act internationally is limited by the fact that municipalities are not allowed to engage in foreign policy, because foreign policy is part of the government’s exclusive responsibility to govern the country according to Chapter 1 § 6 of the Instrument of Government, and the thereto associated responsibility for Sweden’s international relations according to Chapter 10 of the Instrument of Government.

The essay aims to examine and discuss the limitation of the municipalities’ competence, which is constituted by the fact that municipalities are not allowed to engage in foreign policy. The aim is fulfilled by answering two research questions: 1. What makes municipal actions foreign policy in legal sense? 2. Is the restriction that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy an appropriate way to regulate the municipalities’ international cross-border involvements? The answer to the research questions are sought through the legal dogmatic method and the material that the legal dogmatic method recognizes.

The term foreign policy is not defined in Swedish law. The essay therefore examines the reasons why some selected municipal international cross-border involvements are considered to constitute or not constitute foreign policy. The involvements that are considered to constitute foreign policy are acts of war and military cooperation, international aid and boycotts and sanctions. These engagements have in common that they involve a risk of conflict with the government’s foreign policy and a risk of affecting Sweden’s international relations negatively. However, there are also international cross-border involvements that are in line with the government’s foreign policy, which still constitute foreign policy. Conflict with the state’s foreign policy is therefore not a necessary prerequisite for a municipal international cross-border involvement to constitute foreign policy.

The commitments that do not constitute foreign policy are twinning agreements, cross-municipal cooperation, European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation, regional offices for EU affairs and municipal service export. These engagements all have in common that they are of a clear municipal nature, which should be understood as meaning that the measures they include would probably be regarded as within the municipalities’ competence if they took place within the municipality’s territory. Furthermore, they can all be considered beneficial, either for the municipality or for the state. What is also common is that all the engagements that do not constitute foreign policy normally lack the characteristics that are common for engagements that constitute foreign policy. However, some of the engagements could involve such sensitive aspects that they pose a risk of having impact on Sweden’s international relations.

This essay state that the legislation extending the municipalities competence and the EU-legislation does not have independent significance regarding making a municipal involvement foreign policy in legal sense. Nor does the municipal nature and benefit for the society, which are common denominators for engagements that does not constitute foreign policy, have such in-dependent significance.

The first conclusion of this essay is that an action constitutes foreign policy in a legal sense if the actions for some reason impose a risk of having negative impact on Sweden’s international relations. What makes an action so sensitive it imposes such risk for Sweden’s international relations is affected by societal development and changes in the outside world.
The second conclusion of this essay is that the limitation, that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy, is suitable in regards to its content. How-ever, the meaning of the restriction that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy is not entirely clear, which risk leading to consequences both for municipalities and the government. It would therefore be appropriate to clarify the meaning of the restriction, even if the restriction itself should remain. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
De senaste decennierna har samhället förändrats i riktning mot att bli allt mer internationaliserat och globaliserat. Utvecklingen har förändrat förutsättningarna för den kommunala verksamheten. Kommunerna agerar i allt högre utsträckning internationellt. Det finns numera ett uttalat politiskt stöd för att kommuner ska få bedriva internationell verksamhet. I vilken utsträckning kommuner får agera internationellt är emellertid inte självklart. Kommuners möjligheter att agera internationellt begränsas av att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt, eftersom utrikespolitiken ingår i regeringens ansvar att styra riket enligt 1 kap. 6 § regeringsformen och i det därmed förknippade ansvaret för Sveriges internationella relationer enligt 10 kap.... (More)
De senaste decennierna har samhället förändrats i riktning mot att bli allt mer internationaliserat och globaliserat. Utvecklingen har förändrat förutsättningarna för den kommunala verksamheten. Kommunerna agerar i allt högre utsträckning internationellt. Det finns numera ett uttalat politiskt stöd för att kommuner ska få bedriva internationell verksamhet. I vilken utsträckning kommuner får agera internationellt är emellertid inte självklart. Kommuners möjligheter att agera internationellt begränsas av att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt, eftersom utrikespolitiken ingår i regeringens ansvar att styra riket enligt 1 kap. 6 § regeringsformen och i det därmed förknippade ansvaret för Sveriges internationella relationer enligt 10 kap. regeringsformen.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka och diskutera den begränsning av kommuners kompetens som utgörs av att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt. Syftet uppfylls genom att två forskningsfrågor besvaras: 1. Vad gör ett kommunalt agerande utrikespolitiskt i juridisk mening? 2. Är den begränsning att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt ett lämpligt sätt att reglera kommunernas internationella gränsöverskridande engagemang? Svaren på forskningsfrågorna söks genom den rättsdogmatiska metoden och det material som den rättsdogmatiska metoden erkänner.

Begreppet utrikespolitik definieras inte i lag. I uppsatsen undersöks därför skälen för att några utvalda kommunala internationella gränsöverskridande engagemang ansetts utgöra respektive inte utgöra utrikespolitik. De engagemang som utgör utrikespolitik är krigshandlingar och militära samarbeten, internationellt bistånd samt bojkotter och sanktioner. Dessa engagemang har gemensamt att de innebär en risk för konflikt med den statliga utrikespolitiken och en risk för att påverka Sveriges internationella relationer negativt. Det finns emellertid även internationella gräns-överskridande engagemang som är i linje med den statliga utrikespolitiken och ändå utgör utrikespolitik. Konflikt med den statliga utrikespolitiken är därmed inte en nödvändig förutsättning för att ett kommunalt internationellt gränsöverskridande engagemang ska utgöra utrikespolitik.

De engagemang som inte utgör utrikespolitik är vänortsrelationer, gränskommunala samarbeten, Europeiska grupperingar för territoriellt samarbete, regionkontor för EU-frågor och kommunal tjänsteexport. Dessa engagemang har gemensamt att de har en klar kommunal karaktär, vilket ska förstås som att de åtgärder som de innefattar troligen skulle bedömas som kompetensenliga om de skett inom kommunens område. Vidare kan de alla anses vara till nytta, antingen för kommunen eller för staten. Gemensamt är också att alla de engagemang som inte utgör utrikespolitik normalt saknar de egenskaper som är gemensamma för engagemang som utgör utrikespolitik. Vissa av engagemangen skulle dock kunna innebära sådana känsliga avvägningar att de utgör en risk för påverkan på Sveriges internationella relationer.

I uppsatsen konstateras att den kompetensutvidgande lagstiftningen och EU-rätten i sig inte har någon självständig betydelse för vad som gör ett kommunalt agerande utrikespolitiskt i juridisk mening. Den kommunala karaktären och samhällsnyttan, som är gemensamma nämnare för de ageranden som inte utgör utrikespolitik, har inte heller någon sådan självständig betydelse.

Den första slutsatsen i uppsatsen är att ett agerande är utrikespolitiskt i juridisk mening om agerandet av någon anledning riskerar få negativ betydelse för Sveriges internationella relationer. Vilka ageranden som är så känsliga att de riskerar få negativ betydelse för Sveriges internationella relationer påverkas av samhällsutvecklingen och av förändringar i omvärlden.

Den andra slutsatsen är att den begränsning att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt är lämplig med hänsyn till bestämmelsens innehåll. Innebörden av begränsningen att kommuner inte får agera utrikespolitiskt är dock inte helt tydlig, vilket riskerar leda till konsekvenser både för kommuner och för staten. Det hade därför varit lämpligt om begränsningens innebörd tydliggjordes, även om begränsningen i sig bör kvarstå. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sjöbeck, Ella LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Can the municipality cross the border?
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Förvaltningsrätt, Statsrätt, Utrikespolitik, Kommun, Gränsöverskridande
language
Swedish
id
9104867
date added to LUP
2023-01-17 08:25:22
date last changed
2023-05-23 14:07:29
@misc{9104867,
  abstract     = {{In recent decades society has changed towards becoming increasingly internationalized and globalized. This development has altered the prerequisites for municipal operations. The municipalities are increasingly acting internationally. There is now expressed political support for municipalities to be allowed to engage in international activities. However, the extent to which municipalities are allowed to act internationally is not apparent. The municipalities’ capacity to act internationally is limited by the fact that municipalities are not allowed to engage in foreign policy, because foreign policy is part of the government’s exclusive responsibility to govern the country according to Chapter 1 § 6 of the Instrument of Government, and the thereto associated responsibility for Sweden’s international relations according to Chapter 10 of the Instrument of Government. 

The essay aims to examine and discuss the limitation of the municipalities’ competence, which is constituted by the fact that municipalities are not allowed to engage in foreign policy. The aim is fulfilled by answering two research questions: 1. What makes municipal actions foreign policy in legal sense? 2. Is the restriction that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy an appropriate way to regulate the municipalities’ international cross-border involvements? The answer to the research questions are sought through the legal dogmatic method and the material that the legal dogmatic method recognizes. 

The term foreign policy is not defined in Swedish law. The essay therefore examines the reasons why some selected municipal international cross-border involvements are considered to constitute or not constitute foreign policy. The involvements that are considered to constitute foreign policy are acts of war and military cooperation, international aid and boycotts and sanctions. These engagements have in common that they involve a risk of conflict with the government’s foreign policy and a risk of affecting Sweden’s international relations negatively. However, there are also international cross-border involvements that are in line with the government’s foreign policy, which still constitute foreign policy. Conflict with the state’s foreign policy is therefore not a necessary prerequisite for a municipal international cross-border involvement to constitute foreign policy. 

The commitments that do not constitute foreign policy are twinning agreements, cross-municipal cooperation, European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation, regional offices for EU affairs and municipal service export. These engagements all have in common that they are of a clear municipal nature, which should be understood as meaning that the measures they include would probably be regarded as within the municipalities’ competence if they took place within the municipality’s territory. Furthermore, they can all be considered beneficial, either for the municipality or for the state. What is also common is that all the engagements that do not constitute foreign policy normally lack the characteristics that are common for engagements that constitute foreign policy. However, some of the engagements could involve such sensitive aspects that they pose a risk of having impact on Sweden’s international relations.

This essay state that the legislation extending the municipalities competence and the EU-legislation does not have independent significance regarding making a municipal involvement foreign policy in legal sense. Nor does the municipal nature and benefit for the society, which are common denominators for engagements that does not constitute foreign policy, have such in-dependent significance. 

The first conclusion of this essay is that an action constitutes foreign policy in a legal sense if the actions for some reason impose a risk of having negative impact on Sweden’s international relations. What makes an action so sensitive it imposes such risk for Sweden’s international relations is affected by societal development and changes in the outside world. 
The second conclusion of this essay is that the limitation, that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy, is suitable in regards to its content. How-ever, the meaning of the restriction that municipalities may not engage in foreign policy is not entirely clear, which risk leading to consequences both for municipalities and the government. It would therefore be appropriate to clarify the meaning of the restriction, even if the restriction itself should remain.}},
  author       = {{Sjöbeck, Ella}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Kan kommunen gå över gränsen?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}