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Semiconductor topography IP rights: Is there possibility for revival?

Novak, Adam LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Halvledarindustrin har en form av immaterialrätter avsedd särskilt för dem:
Kretsmönsterrätter. Dessa introducerades i USA 1984 i syfte att skydda den
amerikanska halvledarindustrin från konkurrens från östra Asien,
huvudsakligen Japan. Den ersatte principen om nationell behandling med
den materiella ömsesidighetsprincipen, som är normen inom immaterialrätt.
Detta tillät USA att tvinga andra länder att anta liknande lagstiftning genom
att förvägra deras medborgare skydd enligt denna lag fram tills de inför en
motsvarighet i sitt egna land. Japan blev först att införa en sådan lag, så
småningom följt av nästan alla andra länder från sent 1980-tal och framåt.

Det gjordes ett försök av WIPO att få till stånd ett mellanstatligt för... (More)
Halvledarindustrin har en form av immaterialrätter avsedd särskilt för dem:
Kretsmönsterrätter. Dessa introducerades i USA 1984 i syfte att skydda den
amerikanska halvledarindustrin från konkurrens från östra Asien,
huvudsakligen Japan. Den ersatte principen om nationell behandling med
den materiella ömsesidighetsprincipen, som är normen inom immaterialrätt.
Detta tillät USA att tvinga andra länder att anta liknande lagstiftning genom
att förvägra deras medborgare skydd enligt denna lag fram tills de inför en
motsvarighet i sitt egna land. Japan blev först att införa en sådan lag, så
småningom följt av nästan alla andra länder från sent 1980-tal och framåt.

Det gjordes ett försök av WIPO att få till stånd ett mellanstatligt för att
harmonisera reglerna för dessa rättigheter, men det trädde aldrig i kraft
eftersom inte tillräckligt många länder ratificerade avtalet. Istället var det de
pågående WTO-förhandlingarna som kom att ge avtalet nytt liv, genom att
införliva det i 1994 TRIPS-avtal. Där togs tvångslicensiering, en av de mest
kontroversiella delarna, bort. Längden och tidpunkten för början av
skyddstiden ändrades också.

De materiella reglerna innehåller framför allt ett undantag från skyddet för
dekonstruktion och en definition av skyddsföremålet som bygger på
upphovsrättskyddade konstverk. Dekonstruktionsundantaget stadgar att så
länge en kopia innehåller en förändring som är tillräckligt originell för att
separera det nya verket från det kopierade verket är det tillåtet att
reproducera det ny verket. På grund omfattningen undantaget fått genom
domstolspraxis har det blivit kontroversiellt. Definitionen av
skyddsföremålet skyddar antingen själva kretsmönstret eller mallen som
används för att tillverka det. Definitionen varierar med avseende på enskilda
lager i kretsmönstret, tillverkningsmaterialet, tillverkningsmetoden, och
halvfärdiga kretskort. Dessa detaljer är inte harmoniserade världen över,
vilket leder till att de varierar mellan länder.

Lagen har åberopats sparsamt i domstol. Det finns teorier om att detta beror
på dekonstruktionsundantaget. Andra menar att lagen saknar användning på
grund av den reglerade teknikens grad av sofistikation. Dessutom påstås
också att lagen inte används eftersom kretskort har kort för kommersiell
livstid.

Denna uppsats föreslår att reformera och stärka harmoniseringen av
skyddsföremålets definition, synkronisera skyddstiden med de mer populära
patenten, att avskaffa den obsoleta materiella ömsesidighetsprincipen,
begränsa dekonstruktionsundantaget, samt harmonisera påföljds- och
skadeståndsregelverken i syfte att göra lagen mer användbar för
halvledarindustrin samt att hjälpa länder skydda sina halvledarindustrier (Less)
Abstract
The semiconductor industry has a sui generis IP type dedicated to it: the
semiconductor topography right. This right was introduced in 1984 with the
purpose of protecting the U.S. semiconductor industry from East Asian,
mainly Japanese, competition. It replaced the principle of treatment on a
national basis that is the norm in IP law with one of material reciprocity,
which allowed the U.S. to strongarm other states into adopting similar
legislation. Japan did this first, followed by almost every other state
eventually throughout the late 1980’s and later.
There was an attempt by the WIPO to create a treaty that would harmonise
these rules for these rights, but it failed to gain ratification by enough states
to enter into force.... (More)
The semiconductor industry has a sui generis IP type dedicated to it: the
semiconductor topography right. This right was introduced in 1984 with the
purpose of protecting the U.S. semiconductor industry from East Asian,
mainly Japanese, competition. It replaced the principle of treatment on a
national basis that is the norm in IP law with one of material reciprocity,
which allowed the U.S. to strongarm other states into adopting similar
legislation. Japan did this first, followed by almost every other state
eventually throughout the late 1980’s and later.
There was an attempt by the WIPO to create a treaty that would harmonise
these rules for these rights, but it failed to gain ratification by enough states
to enter into force. Instead the ongoing negotiations to form the WTO partly
included it in their 1994 TRIPS Agreement, removing the most
controversial parts, such as compulsory licensing, and changing the length
and start of the period of protection.
The material rules most notably include a reverse engineering exception,
and a definition of the protected subject matter that relies on an analogy to
copyrighted artistic works. The reverse engineering exception allows for
copying protected topographies so far as they are changed enough to have a
level of originality that separates them from the copied work. Due to the
extent of the exception has gained in case law it has become controversial.
The definition of the protected subject matter protects either the layout of
the chip design or the template used to make it. It has variations in regards
to single layers in the chip topography, the materials used to make them, the
methods used to make them, and the intermediate stages of production.
These details are not harmonised worldwide, creating a situation where the
definition varies worldwide.
The law was not met with much use in court and there are many theories
that seek to explain this. Many point to the reverse engineer exception, some
claim the usefulness of the law is limited due to technological sophistication
of the subject matter. Others still claim that the law is lacking in usefulness
due to the short commercial lifetime if individual IC chip topographies.
In order to make the law more useful for the semiconductor industry and to
help countries protect their semiconductor industries this paper suggests
further harmonisation and reforming of the protected subject matter,
synchronising the period of protection and registration requirements with
the more popular patents, abolishing the obsolete principle of reciprocity,
limiting the reverse engineering exception and harmonising the sanctions
and remedies available to holders of semiconductor topography rights. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Novak, Adam LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Semiconductor topography IP rights: Is there possibility for revival?
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Immaterialrätt, Intellectual Property, Topography, Kretsmönster, Washington Treaty, TRIPS, Comparative Law, Legal History, Tech Law
language
English
id
9104878
date added to LUP
2023-01-24 09:08:11
date last changed
2023-01-24 09:08:11
@misc{9104878,
  abstract     = {{The semiconductor industry has a sui generis IP type dedicated to it: the
semiconductor topography right. This right was introduced in 1984 with the
purpose of protecting the U.S. semiconductor industry from East Asian,
mainly Japanese, competition. It replaced the principle of treatment on a
national basis that is the norm in IP law with one of material reciprocity,
which allowed the U.S. to strongarm other states into adopting similar
legislation. Japan did this first, followed by almost every other state
eventually throughout the late 1980’s and later.
There was an attempt by the WIPO to create a treaty that would harmonise
these rules for these rights, but it failed to gain ratification by enough states
to enter into force. Instead the ongoing negotiations to form the WTO partly
included it in their 1994 TRIPS Agreement, removing the most
controversial parts, such as compulsory licensing, and changing the length
and start of the period of protection.
The material rules most notably include a reverse engineering exception,
and a definition of the protected subject matter that relies on an analogy to
copyrighted artistic works. The reverse engineering exception allows for
copying protected topographies so far as they are changed enough to have a
level of originality that separates them from the copied work. Due to the
extent of the exception has gained in case law it has become controversial.
The definition of the protected subject matter protects either the layout of
the chip design or the template used to make it. It has variations in regards
to single layers in the chip topography, the materials used to make them, the
methods used to make them, and the intermediate stages of production.
These details are not harmonised worldwide, creating a situation where the
definition varies worldwide.
The law was not met with much use in court and there are many theories
that seek to explain this. Many point to the reverse engineer exception, some
claim the usefulness of the law is limited due to technological sophistication
of the subject matter. Others still claim that the law is lacking in usefulness
due to the short commercial lifetime if individual IC chip topographies.
In order to make the law more useful for the semiconductor industry and to
help countries protect their semiconductor industries this paper suggests
further harmonisation and reforming of the protected subject matter,
synchronising the period of protection and registration requirements with
the more popular patents, abolishing the obsolete principle of reciprocity,
limiting the reverse engineering exception and harmonising the sanctions
and remedies available to holders of semiconductor topography rights.}},
  author       = {{Novak, Adam}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Semiconductor topography IP rights: Is there possibility for revival?}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}