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Effektivt, proportionerligt och avskräckande - företagssanktioner som ett sätt att förhindra bristande human rights due diligence

Estebring, Henriette LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
As part of a growing trend towards a more sustainable environment, the demands on corporate responsibility for the environment and human rights are increasing. However, corporate responsibility has so far been based on voluntariness, with the OECD’s guidelines for multinational enterprises and the UN’s guiding principles for business and human rights as the basic frame-work.
In February 2022 the European Commission submitted a proposal for a directive, the so-called Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). Large companies will be required to take measures, due diligence, to protect the environment and human rights under the threat of administrative sanctions and civil liability. The proposed directive leaves it up to the... (More)
As part of a growing trend towards a more sustainable environment, the demands on corporate responsibility for the environment and human rights are increasing. However, corporate responsibility has so far been based on voluntariness, with the OECD’s guidelines for multinational enterprises and the UN’s guiding principles for business and human rights as the basic frame-work.
In February 2022 the European Commission submitted a proposal for a directive, the so-called Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). Large companies will be required to take measures, due diligence, to protect the environment and human rights under the threat of administrative sanctions and civil liability. The proposed directive leaves it up to the member states to decide relevant sanctions. The proposed directive demands sanctions to be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and economic sanctions must be based on the companies’ turnover.
Based on the proposed directive, this thesis aims to discuss which of the relevant corporate sanction-models constructed in the Swedish legal system meet the requirements set up by the proposal. This thesis also discusses the need and possible construction of criminal liability for persons in company management positions. For the purpose of the thesis, a legal dogmatic method with some elements of comparative and EU-legal method has been used. Since the purpose is to discuss sanctions de lege ferenda, a starting point has been the regulation de lege lata. The used material has therefore mainly consisted of legislation, preparatory work, practice and legal literature. In particular, preparatory work has been studied in order to identify the assessments made by the legislatures when for example changing a sanction for another.
The required measures for companies will vary depending on the contexts such as country or sector specific ones. The work has shown that the pro-posed directive lacks corresponding Swedish regulation but that due diligence requirements to a certain point already exist in some ways.
When imposing a sanction, principles of legal certainty such as predictability and the presumption of innocence should be taken into account. The Swedish corporate fine requires that a crime has been committed within the framework of business activities. The corporate fine is thus less suitable as the relevant sanction, since the sanction should be imposed due to lack or absence of due diligence. The corporate fine therefore requires that the lack or absence of due diligence is criminalized. Another option should be the penalty fee. However, it appears that such high penalty fees as are required to meet the requirements for efficiency, proportionality and deterrence are rather considered to constitute punishment and criminal charges according to the ECHR. Nor should the requirements placed on each individual company live up to the penalty fees' condition of constituting a simple ascertainable and objective fact. Here, too, certain concerns arise. Finally, confiscation and fines may be appropriate as other supplementary sanctions.
The proposed directive stipulates that the supervisory authority must monitor the companies’ compliance. The supervisory authority shall not supervise the vigilance of the company management. However, there is reason to question the decision-making of company management and thus the need for additional criminal liability for persons in company management positions.
Criminal liability could be constructed in different ways. An example that places demands on traders' control measures is the regulation on negligent financing of bribery offences. Furthermore, in the former money laundering regulation, there was a penalty provision for those who disregarded their obligations required by the regulation. It is therefore not unusual to set requirements for care similar to the due diligence requirement set by the proposal.
With regard to the different requirements that will be set in practice, it is, how-ever, unclear how predictable such criminalization would be and how such an assessment would be made. Similarly, it is difficult to determine which corporate sanction is best suited for the purpose. Without criminalization, penalty fees seem to be the given form.
How the directive will be incorporated in Sweden is still unclear. It is clear that the requirements for effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions must be balanced against the rule of law - a balancing act that is not favored by the draft directive's unclear requirements on what due diligence actually is. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Som en del av en växande trend om en mer hållbar omvärld ställs det allt högre krav på företags ansvar för både miljön och mänskliga rättigheter. Före-tagens arbete med har dock hittills byggt på frivillighet, med OECD:s riktlinjer för multinationella företag och FN:s vägledande principer för företag och mänskliga rättigheter som grundläggande ramverk.
EU-kommissionen lämnade i februari år 2022 ett förslag till direktiv, det så kallade Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). Förslaget innebär att vissa företag, vid hot om sanktioner, ska vara skyldiga att vidta tillbörlig aktsamhet angående hållbarhet, inbegripet mänskliga rättigheter. Med tillbörlig aktsamhet avses risk- och konsekvensanalyser, en slags due diligence.... (More)
Som en del av en växande trend om en mer hållbar omvärld ställs det allt högre krav på företags ansvar för både miljön och mänskliga rättigheter. Före-tagens arbete med har dock hittills byggt på frivillighet, med OECD:s riktlinjer för multinationella företag och FN:s vägledande principer för företag och mänskliga rättigheter som grundläggande ramverk.
EU-kommissionen lämnade i februari år 2022 ett förslag till direktiv, det så kallade Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). Förslaget innebär att vissa företag, vid hot om sanktioner, ska vara skyldiga att vidta tillbörlig aktsamhet angående hållbarhet, inbegripet mänskliga rättigheter. Med tillbörlig aktsamhet avses risk- och konsekvensanalyser, en slags due diligence. Direktivet lämnar det upp till medlemsstaterna att avgöra vilka sanktioner som kan aktualiseras, med kravet att sanktionerna ska vara effektiva, proportionerliga och avskräckande samt att ekonomiska sanktioner ska baseras på företagens omsättning.
Med utgångspunkt i EU-kommissionens direktivförslag syftar framställning-en till att diskutera vilken eller vilka av de i svenska rätt konstruerade företagssanktionerna som uppfyller direktivets krav. Vidare förs en diskussion om behovet av ett kompletterande straffansvar för fysiska personer i företags-ledande positioner. För arbetets syfte har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts med vissa inslag av EU-rättslig och komparativ metod. Då arbetet syftar till att diskutera sanktioner de lege ferenda har utgångspunkten varit att reglering de lege lata. Det material som använts har därför främst bestått av lagstiftning, förarbeten, praxis och juridisk litteratur. Särskilt har förarbeten studerats för att identifiera de avvägningar som gjorts av lagstiftaren vid exempelvis en sanktionsväxling.
Direktivförslaget innebär att de krav som ska ställas på företag varierar bero-ende på kontexter såsom exempelvis land- och sektorspecifika. Vidare har det genom arbetet visats att direktivförslaget saknar motsvarande svensk reglering men att krav due diligence redan i viss mån förekommer inom svensk rätt.
Vid införande av sanktion bör beaktas principer om rättssäkerhet såsom förutsebarhet och oskuldspresumtion. Den svenska företagsboten förutsätter att ett brott har begåtts inom ramen för näringsverksamheten. Företagsboten lämpar sig således mindre väl med hänsyn till att sanktion ska kunna aktualiseras för bristande eller utebliven due diligence. För företagsbot som sanktion krävs därför att bristande eller utebliven due diligence kriminaliseras. I stället kan sanktionsavgift vara en möjlig sanktion. Det ter sig dock så att så pass höga sanktionsavgifter som krävs för att uppfylla kraven på effektivitet, proportionalitet och avskräckning snarare anses utgöra straff och brottsanklagelse enligt EKMR. Inte heller torde de krav som ställs på varje enskilt företag leva upp till sanktionsavgifternas förutsättning om att utgöra ett enkelt konstaterbart och objektivt faktum. Även här uppstår således vissa betänkligheter. Slut-ligen ter sig förverkande och vite möjligtvis lämpliga som till andra kompletterande sanktioner.
Direktivförslaget föreskriver att tillsynsmyndighet ska övervaka efterlevnaden. Tillsynsmyndigheten ska inte övervaka företagsledningens aktsamhet. Det finns dock anledning att ifrågasätta företagsledningars beslutsfattande och således behovet av ett kompletterande straffansvar för fysiska personer i företagsledande positioner.
Ett straffansvar skulle kunna konstrueras på flera sätt. Ett exempel som ställer krav på näringsidkares kontrollåtgärder är regleringen om vårdslös finansiering av mutbrott. Vidare fanns i den äldre penningtvättsregleringen ett straff-stadgande för den som åsidosatte sin granskningsskyldighet enligt reglering-en. Det är således inte främmande att ställa krav på aktsamhet liknande det due diligence-krav som ställs enligt förslaget.
Med hänsyn till de skilda krav som kommer ställas i praktiken är det dock, i likhet med regleringen om vårdslös finansiering av muta, oklart hur förutsebar en sådan kriminalisering skulle vara och hur en sådan bedömning skulle göras. På samma sätt är det svårt att avgöra vilken företagssanktion lämpar sig bäst för ändamålet. Utan kriminalisering ter sig sanktionsavgifter vara den givna formen.
Hur direktivet kommer införlivas i Sverige är ännu oklart. Det är dock klart att kraven om effektiva, proportionerliga och avskräckande sanktioner ska balan-seras mot de rättssäkerhetsprinciper som får anses prägla rättsstaten Sverige - en balansgång som inte gynnas av direktivförslagets otydliga krav på vad tillbörlig aktsamhet faktiskt är. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Estebring, Henriette LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Effective, proportionate and dissuasive - corporate sanctions as a way to prevent inadequate human rights due diligence
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, straffrätt
language
Swedish
id
9105012
date added to LUP
2023-01-29 10:35:24
date last changed
2023-01-29 10:35:24
@misc{9105012,
  abstract     = {{As part of a growing trend towards a more sustainable environment, the demands on corporate responsibility for the environment and human rights are increasing. However, corporate responsibility has so far been based on voluntariness, with the OECD’s guidelines for multinational enterprises and the UN’s guiding principles for business and human rights as the basic frame-work.
In February 2022 the European Commission submitted a proposal for a directive, the so-called Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). Large companies will be required to take measures, due diligence, to protect the environment and human rights under the threat of administrative sanctions and civil liability. The proposed directive leaves it up to the member states to decide relevant sanctions. The proposed directive demands sanctions to be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and economic sanctions must be based on the companies’ turnover.
Based on the proposed directive, this thesis aims to discuss which of the relevant corporate sanction-models constructed in the Swedish legal system meet the requirements set up by the proposal. This thesis also discusses the need and possible construction of criminal liability for persons in company management positions. For the purpose of the thesis, a legal dogmatic method with some elements of comparative and EU-legal method has been used. Since the purpose is to discuss sanctions de lege ferenda, a starting point has been the regulation de lege lata. The used material has therefore mainly consisted of legislation, preparatory work, practice and legal literature. In particular, preparatory work has been studied in order to identify the assessments made by the legislatures when for example changing a sanction for another.
The required measures for companies will vary depending on the contexts such as country or sector specific ones. The work has shown that the pro-posed directive lacks corresponding Swedish regulation but that due diligence requirements to a certain point already exist in some ways.
When imposing a sanction, principles of legal certainty such as predictability and the presumption of innocence should be taken into account. The Swedish corporate fine requires that a crime has been committed within the framework of business activities. The corporate fine is thus less suitable as the relevant sanction, since the sanction should be imposed due to lack or absence of due diligence. The corporate fine therefore requires that the lack or absence of due diligence is criminalized. Another option should be the penalty fee. However, it appears that such high penalty fees as are required to meet the requirements for efficiency, proportionality and deterrence are rather considered to constitute punishment and criminal charges according to the ECHR. Nor should the requirements placed on each individual company live up to the penalty fees' condition of constituting a simple ascertainable and objective fact. Here, too, certain concerns arise. Finally, confiscation and fines may be appropriate as other supplementary sanctions.
The proposed directive stipulates that the supervisory authority must monitor the companies’ compliance. The supervisory authority shall not supervise the vigilance of the company management. However, there is reason to question the decision-making of company management and thus the need for additional criminal liability for persons in company management positions.
Criminal liability could be constructed in different ways. An example that places demands on traders' control measures is the regulation on negligent financing of bribery offences. Furthermore, in the former money laundering regulation, there was a penalty provision for those who disregarded their obligations required by the regulation. It is therefore not unusual to set requirements for care similar to the due diligence requirement set by the proposal.
With regard to the different requirements that will be set in practice, it is, how-ever, unclear how predictable such criminalization would be and how such an assessment would be made. Similarly, it is difficult to determine which corporate sanction is best suited for the purpose. Without criminalization, penalty fees seem to be the given form.
How the directive will be incorporated in Sweden is still unclear. It is clear that the requirements for effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions must be balanced against the rule of law - a balancing act that is not favored by the draft directive's unclear requirements on what due diligence actually is.}},
  author       = {{Estebring, Henriette}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Effektivt, proportionerligt och avskräckande - företagssanktioner som ett sätt att förhindra bristande human rights due diligence}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}