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Cash is king - eller klandervärt risktagande? - En rättssäkerhetsanalys av bestämmelsen om ringa näringspenningtvätt och tillämpningen i underrätterna

Dahlman Nilsson, Hanna LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I 7 § 3 st. 2 m. i lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott (penningtvättsbrottlagen) regleras brottet ringa näringspenningtvätt. Den kriminaliserade gärningen består i att någon medverkar till en åtgärd som skäligen kan antas vara vidtagen i penningtvättssyfte. Det är således, till skillnad från vad som gäller för penningtvättsbrott enligt 3–4 §§ penningtvättsbrottlagen, irrelevant huruvida egendomen härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet. Enligt förarbetena är grunden för straffansvar i stället att gärningspersonen gör sig skyldig till ett klandervärt risktagande.

I brist på klargörande praxis från Högsta domstolen (HD) och förtydliganden i förarbetena kring innebörden av ett klandervärt risktagande syftar denna... (More)
I 7 § 3 st. 2 m. i lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott (penningtvättsbrottlagen) regleras brottet ringa näringspenningtvätt. Den kriminaliserade gärningen består i att någon medverkar till en åtgärd som skäligen kan antas vara vidtagen i penningtvättssyfte. Det är således, till skillnad från vad som gäller för penningtvättsbrott enligt 3–4 §§ penningtvättsbrottlagen, irrelevant huruvida egendomen härrör från brott eller brottslig verksamhet. Enligt förarbetena är grunden för straffansvar i stället att gärningspersonen gör sig skyldig till ett klandervärt risktagande.

I brist på klargörande praxis från Högsta domstolen (HD) och förtydliganden i förarbetena kring innebörden av ett klandervärt risktagande syftar denna uppsats till att kritiskt granska lagbestämmelsen om ringa näringspenningtvätt samt underrätternas tillämpning av den. Granskningen görs ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv med fokus på det formella rättssäkerhetsbegreppet, förutsebarhet, och oskyldighetspresumtionen, särskilt med beaktande av åklagarens bevisbörda och den tilltalades förklaringsbörda. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte har den rättsdogmatiska metoden använts. Det material som uppsatsen bygger på utgörs främst av lagtext, lagförarbeten, doktrin och praxis från såväl under- som överrätter.

Resultatet visar att lagbestämmelsen och dess tillhörande förarbeten är otydliga och möjliggör extensiva tolkningar av vad som utgör ett klandervärt risktagande, vilket återspeglas i den studerade underrättspraxis som legat till grund för uppsatsen. Rättstillämpningen präglas av oenhetlighet vilket inne-bär en rättsovisshet och försämrad möjlighet för den enskilde att rätta sig efter lagen. Bestämmelsen har också medfört en bevislättnad för åklagaren i förhållande till kravet på förbrott i 3–4 §§ penningtvättsbrottlagen. Därtill hör att det av de studerade underrättsavgörandena framgår en relativt utbredd frånvaro av bedömningar av det subjektiva rekvisitet. Mot bakgrund av oklarheterna kring hur den tilltalades eventuella uppsåt ska bedömas riskerar tillämpningen att präglas av en skuldpresumtion som den tilltalade måste vederlägga genom att avge förklaringar till sitt handhavande med pengar. Den tilltalades förklaringsbörda tycks ha utökats samtidigt som åklagarens bevisbörda blivit mindre omfattande. Därmed nås slutsatsen att införandet av bestämmelsen om ringa näringspenningtvätt i vart fall inneburit ett minskat rättsprocessuellt skydd för den tilltalade i syfte att åstad-komma en effektiv brottsbekämpning. (Less)
Abstract
The crime of minor commercial money laundering is provided under the sec-ond sentence of the third paragraph in section 7 of the Act (2014:307) on penalties for money laundering offences. The criminalised act is defined as a measure that can reasonably be assumed to be taken for money laundering purposes. It is therefore, in contrast to what applies to money laundering offences according to 3–4 §§, irrelevant whether the property derives from crime or criminal activity. According to the preparatory work of the Act on penalties for money laundering, the basis for criminal liability is rather that the perpetrator is guilty of culpable risk-taking in regard to the specific measure.

Due to the lack of Supreme Court judgements, and in the... (More)
The crime of minor commercial money laundering is provided under the sec-ond sentence of the third paragraph in section 7 of the Act (2014:307) on penalties for money laundering offences. The criminalised act is defined as a measure that can reasonably be assumed to be taken for money laundering purposes. It is therefore, in contrast to what applies to money laundering offences according to 3–4 §§, irrelevant whether the property derives from crime or criminal activity. According to the preparatory work of the Act on penalties for money laundering, the basis for criminal liability is rather that the perpetrator is guilty of culpable risk-taking in regard to the specific measure.

Due to the lack of Supreme Court judgements, and in the absence of clarifi-cation in the preparatory works regarding the meaning of culpable risk-taking, the purpose of this essay is to critically review the legal provision of minor commercial money laundering and the lower courts’ application of it. The assessment is done in relation to the rule of law with a focus on the pro-cedural safeguards of foreseeability and the presumption of innocence, es-pecially considering the prosecutor’s burden of proof and the defendant’s burden of explanation. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, a legal dogmatic method has been used. The material on which the essay is based mainly con-sists of law, preparatory works, legal discourse, and case law from both low-er and superior courts.

The results show that the legal provision and its associated preparatory work are unclear and enable extensive interpretations of what constitutes culpable risk-taking, which is reflected in the studied case law. The application of the law is characterised by inconsistency, leading to legal uncertainty thus making it harder for the individual to comply with the law. The legal provision has also eased the prosecutor’s burden of proof in relation to the pre-offence requirement in 3–4 §§ of the Act on penalties for money laundering offences. In addition, the studied case law shows a relatively widespread absence of assessments of the defendant’s intent. Due to the uncertainties surrounding the assessment of the defendant’s possible intent, the application of the provision risks being characterised by a presumption of guilt that the defendant must disprove by providing explanations for his or her handling of money. Considering that the defendant’s burden of explanation seems to have increased, while the prosecutor’s burden of proof has decreased, the conclusion is reached that the provision has resulted in reduced procedural safeguards for the defendant in order to achieve effective law enforcement. (Less)
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author
Dahlman Nilsson, Hanna LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Cash is king - or culpable risk-taking? - A legal assessment with respect to the rule of law of the provision of minor commercial money laundering and its application in the lower courts
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Ringa näringspenningtvätt, näringspenningtvätt, klandervärt risktagande, straffrätt, criminal law.
language
Swedish
id
9105092
date added to LUP
2023-01-26 12:10:28
date last changed
2023-01-26 12:10:28
@misc{9105092,
  abstract     = {{The crime of minor commercial money laundering is provided under the sec-ond sentence of the third paragraph in section 7 of the Act (2014:307) on penalties for money laundering offences. The criminalised act is defined as a measure that can reasonably be assumed to be taken for money laundering purposes. It is therefore, in contrast to what applies to money laundering offences according to 3–4 §§, irrelevant whether the property derives from crime or criminal activity. According to the preparatory work of the Act on penalties for money laundering, the basis for criminal liability is rather that the perpetrator is guilty of culpable risk-taking in regard to the specific measure. 
 
Due to the lack of Supreme Court judgements, and in the absence of clarifi-cation in the preparatory works regarding the meaning of culpable risk-taking, the purpose of this essay is to critically review the legal provision of minor commercial money laundering and the lower courts’ application of it. The assessment is done in relation to the rule of law with a focus on the pro-cedural safeguards of foreseeability and the presumption of innocence, es-pecially considering the prosecutor’s burden of proof and the defendant’s burden of explanation. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, a legal dogmatic method has been used. The material on which the essay is based mainly con-sists of law, preparatory works, legal discourse, and case law from both low-er and superior courts. 

The results show that the legal provision and its associated preparatory work are unclear and enable extensive interpretations of what constitutes culpable risk-taking, which is reflected in the studied case law. The application of the law is characterised by inconsistency, leading to legal uncertainty thus making it harder for the individual to comply with the law. The legal provision has also eased the prosecutor’s burden of proof in relation to the pre-offence requirement in 3–4 §§ of the Act on penalties for money laundering offences. In addition, the studied case law shows a relatively widespread absence of assessments of the defendant’s intent. Due to the uncertainties surrounding the assessment of the defendant’s possible intent, the application of the provision risks being characterised by a presumption of guilt that the defendant must disprove by providing explanations for his or her handling of money. Considering that the defendant’s burden of explanation seems to have increased, while the prosecutor’s burden of proof has decreased, the conclusion is reached that the provision has resulted in reduced procedural safeguards for the defendant in order to achieve effective law enforcement.}},
  author       = {{Dahlman Nilsson, Hanna}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Cash is king - eller klandervärt risktagande? - En rättssäkerhetsanalys av bestämmelsen om ringa näringspenningtvätt och tillämpningen i underrätterna}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}