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Optionsavtal vid överlåtelse av fastigheter och bostadsrätter - Ett oreglerat institut på bostadsmarknaden

Nilsson, Jacob LU (2022) LAGF03 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Option agreements on property purchases have for a long time been invalid in Swedish law. An option agreements is an agreement on a future purchase. There is no direct legal support that invalidates such contracts, but the swe-dish supreme court (HD) has established such a practice in a number of legal cases. It is however different for such agreements for condominiums. Despite similar form requirements, and without direct support in law, HD has established a contrary practice for this type of property. Option agree-ments on the transfer of condominiums are permitted. This essay investi-gates what is the applicable law in the matter, how HD has reasoned in practice and which expedient reasons support the applicable law.
There are several... (More)
Option agreements on property purchases have for a long time been invalid in Swedish law. An option agreements is an agreement on a future purchase. There is no direct legal support that invalidates such contracts, but the swe-dish supreme court (HD) has established such a practice in a number of legal cases. It is however different for such agreements for condominiums. Despite similar form requirements, and without direct support in law, HD has established a contrary practice for this type of property. Option agree-ments on the transfer of condominiums are permitted. This essay investi-gates what is the applicable law in the matter, how HD has reasoned in practice and which expedient reasons support the applicable law.
There are several reasons why the legislator chose to surround the property purchase with special form requirements. Among other things, the property type has historically been considered particularly meaningful, not least fi-nancially. The legislator has also considered it important that the purchase conditions receive a clear design since the purchase is often preceded by long negotiations. Whether or not option agreements should be allowed is not clear in principle from the preparatory work. In practice, HD, with the support of the legislative motives behind the form requirement, has found that option agreements for property purchases are not valid. The interpretat-ion has been motivated by security in ownership with adverse effects, e.g. for real estate sales and loans if such agreements were to be allowed.
The formal requirements for transfers of condominiums were designed with the swedish land code (Jordabalken, JB) formal requirements as a model. However, the form requirement was mainly motivated by fiscal reasons. A condominium is not referred to in the preliminary works as a distinctive type of property of special economic interest, in contrast to property. Whether option agreements should be allowed or not is not mentioned by the lawmaker. In practice, HD has established that such agreements are per-mitted, provided that they are in writing. The legal situation has been criticized in the doctrine and a ban on option agreements for condominiums has been proposed in a government investigation.
In summary, the essay concludes that the underlying motives behind the two form requirements are different, and therefore have different comprehensive impacts. The legislative reasons are tangential to a certain extent, but pro-perty occupies a special position in Swedish law. The form requirement for condominium purchases was introduced fairly late from a historical per-spective, and the legislator has not given the impression that this should have a wide impact. For condominiums, HD has therefore maintained the principle of freedom of contract, with some restriction through a written requirement. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Optionsavtal om överlåtelse av fast egendom är sedan lång tid tillbaka ogil-tiga i svensk rätt. Ett optionsavtal är ett avtal om framtida överlåtelse. Det finns inget direkt lagstöd som förbjuder sådana avtal för fastigheter, men HD har i en rad rättsfall etablerat en praxis där avtalen inte tillmäts giltighet. Annorlunda är det för optionsavtal för bostadsrätter. Trots liknande form-krav, och utan direkt stöd i lag, har HD etablerat en motsatt praxis för detta egendomsslag. Optionsavtal om överlåtelse av bostadsrätter är tillåtet. I upp-satsen utreds vad som är gällande rätt i frågan, hur HD har resonerat i praxis och vilka ändamålsskäl som uppbär gällande rätt.
Bakgrunden till att lagstiftaren valt att omgärda fastighetsköpet med... (More)
Optionsavtal om överlåtelse av fast egendom är sedan lång tid tillbaka ogil-tiga i svensk rätt. Ett optionsavtal är ett avtal om framtida överlåtelse. Det finns inget direkt lagstöd som förbjuder sådana avtal för fastigheter, men HD har i en rad rättsfall etablerat en praxis där avtalen inte tillmäts giltighet. Annorlunda är det för optionsavtal för bostadsrätter. Trots liknande form-krav, och utan direkt stöd i lag, har HD etablerat en motsatt praxis för detta egendomsslag. Optionsavtal om överlåtelse av bostadsrätter är tillåtet. I upp-satsen utreds vad som är gällande rätt i frågan, hur HD har resonerat i praxis och vilka ändamålsskäl som uppbär gällande rätt.
Bakgrunden till att lagstiftaren valt att omgärda fastighetsköpet med sär-skilda formkrav är till synes flera. Bland annat har egendomsslaget historiskt ansett särskilt meningsfullt, inte minst ekonomiskt. Lagstiftaren har också ansett det viktigt att köpevillkoren får en klar utformning eftersom köpet ofta föregås av långa förhandlingar. Huruvida optionsavtal ska tillåtas för fastigheter framgår i princip inte av förarbetena. I praxis har HD, med stöd av lagstiftningsmotiven bakom formkravet, konstaterats att optionsavtal för fast egendom inte är giltiga. Tolkningen har motiverats av säkerhet i ägande-rätten med ogynnsamma verkningar bl.a. för fastighetsomsättningen och kreditgivningen om sådana avtal skulle tillåtas.
Formkravet för överlåtelser av bostadsrätter utformades med jordabalkens formkrav som förebild. Formkravet motiverades emellertid främst av fiskala skäl. Bostadsrätten benämns inte i förarbetena som något särpräglat egen-domsslag av särskilt ekonomiskt intresse, i kontrast till fastigheten som egendomsslag. Huruvida optionsavtal ska tillåtas för bostadsrätter nämns, precis som för fastigheter, inte i förarbetena. I praxis har HD konstaterat att sådana avtal tillåts, under förutsättningen att de är skriftliga. Bostadsrätter är dessutom lös egendom, för vilket optionsavtal regelmässigt medges. Rättsläget har kritiserats i doktrinen och det har nyligen föreslagits ett för-bud mot bostadsrättsoptioner i en statlig utredning.
Sammanfattningsvis visar uppsatsens utredande del att de bakomliggande motiven för de båda formkraven är olika och får därför olika genomslag i rättstillämpningen. Ändamålsskälen tangerar i viss grad, men fastigheten intar en särskild ställning i svensk rätt. Formkravet för bostadsrättsöverlåtel-ser tillkom sent ur ett historiskt perspektiv och lagstiftaren har inte gett sken av att detta ska ha ett omfattande genomslag. För bostadsrätter har HD där-för upprätthållit principen om avtalsfrihet, med viss inskränkning genom ett skriftlighetskrav. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Jacob LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20222
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Fastighetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9105249
date added to LUP
2023-02-03 16:31:33
date last changed
2023-02-03 16:31:33
@misc{9105249,
  abstract     = {{Option agreements on property purchases have for a long time been invalid in Swedish law. An option agreements is an agreement on a future purchase. There is no direct legal support that invalidates such contracts, but the swe-dish supreme court (HD) has established such a practice in a number of legal cases. It is however different for such agreements for condominiums. Despite similar form requirements, and without direct support in law, HD has established a contrary practice for this type of property. Option agree-ments on the transfer of condominiums are permitted. This essay investi-gates what is the applicable law in the matter, how HD has reasoned in practice and which expedient reasons support the applicable law.
There are several reasons why the legislator chose to surround the property purchase with special form requirements. Among other things, the property type has historically been considered particularly meaningful, not least fi-nancially. The legislator has also considered it important that the purchase conditions receive a clear design since the purchase is often preceded by long negotiations. Whether or not option agreements should be allowed is not clear in principle from the preparatory work. In practice, HD, with the support of the legislative motives behind the form requirement, has found that option agreements for property purchases are not valid. The interpretat-ion has been motivated by security in ownership with adverse effects, e.g. for real estate sales and loans if such agreements were to be allowed.
The formal requirements for transfers of condominiums were designed with the swedish land code (Jordabalken, JB) formal requirements as a model. However, the form requirement was mainly motivated by fiscal reasons. A condominium is not referred to in the preliminary works as a distinctive type of property of special economic interest, in contrast to property. Whether option agreements should be allowed or not is not mentioned by the lawmaker. In practice, HD has established that such agreements are per-mitted, provided that they are in writing. The legal situation has been criticized in the doctrine and a ban on option agreements for condominiums has been proposed in a government investigation.
In summary, the essay concludes that the underlying motives behind the two form requirements are different, and therefore have different comprehensive impacts. The legislative reasons are tangential to a certain extent, but pro-perty occupies a special position in Swedish law. The form requirement for condominium purchases was introduced fairly late from a historical per-spective, and the legislator has not given the impression that this should have a wide impact. For condominiums, HD has therefore maintained the principle of freedom of contract, with some restriction through a written requirement.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Jacob}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Optionsavtal vid överlåtelse av fastigheter och bostadsrätter - Ett oreglerat institut på bostadsmarknaden}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}