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Skatterättslig tolkning i ljuset av BEPS-åtgärderna

Rajab, Adam Shokr LU (2022) JURM02 20222
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
One of the most effective ways for states to raise revenue for their treasury is through taxation. This is even if the value creation takes place outside the country's borders. The problem is usually referred to as double taxation. As a consequence of this, from a micro perspective, uncertainty arises for taxpayers in cross-border transactions. From a macro perspective, potential investments by companies such as expansions to other countries are also endangered. One of the solutions to this problem has been for the states to enter into so-called double taxation treaties with each other, which regulate, amongst other thing, which state has the right to tax a certain income generated by a taxpayer.

Since the 1960s, the OECD has developed... (More)
One of the most effective ways for states to raise revenue for their treasury is through taxation. This is even if the value creation takes place outside the country's borders. The problem is usually referred to as double taxation. As a consequence of this, from a micro perspective, uncertainty arises for taxpayers in cross-border transactions. From a macro perspective, potential investments by companies such as expansions to other countries are also endangered. One of the solutions to this problem has been for the states to enter into so-called double taxation treaties with each other, which regulate, amongst other thing, which state has the right to tax a certain income generated by a taxpayer.

Since the 1960s, the OECD has developed a model convention that member states can use when drafting their tax treaties. Commentaries have also been developed for the articles of the model agreement which facilitate the interpretation of the tax treaty. The model agreement and comments are regularly revised. Sweden is one of the original member states of the OECD and a majority of the Swedish tax treaties are based on the model convention. The model convention and the legal status of the commentaries have been the subject of constant legal discussion over the years based on international tax law. Especially with regards to how states' tax authorities and courts should treat them when interpreting tax treaties.

Recently, a new problem has also arisen for the states, namely double nontaxation. This means that a cross-border situation is not subject to any taxation in any of the contracting states. The problem in this regard is consequently that the tax bases of the states are being eroded and economic relations are deteriorating between the states. The OECD launched the BEPS-project (Base-Erosion and Profit Shifting) in order to counter this problem, which resulted in 15 actions. In terms of double taxation treaties, action 15 is the most relevant, named for the Multilateral Instrument (MLI). The MLI is a convention whose purpose is to enable the states to make modifications in their concluded tax agreements without having to call for bilateral negotiations.

The question that now arises is how the interpretation of the Swedish tax treaties may be affected due to the fact that Sweden will implement MLI on the tax treaties that are to be covered by the convention. The study therefore intends to investigate this particular matter. This is done by first giving an account of how tax treaties have historically been interpreted by the Supreme Administrative Court. Afterwards, an account will be made of the relevant articles of the MLI and the BEPS-project that Sweden has chosen to incorporate into their internal legislation.

The study concludes that the OECD model convention and its commentaries have had a significant impact on the interpretation of tax treaties from a pragmatic perspective. From the legal perspective, there is still uncertainty about their legal status, particularly with regards to the Vienna Convention from 1969 on the law of treaties, whose articles of interpretation have been explained in the study. The legal cases referred to in the study span over five decades in order to identify patterns regarding the interpretation of tax treaties using the model convention and its commentaries. The clearest pattern is that
the Supreme Administrative Court makes use of the comments in cases where the relevant provisions of the tax agreement are based on the model agreement. However, it is not quite clear how the court has reasoned about the use of a particular version of the commentaries. In addition, the study has also concluded that the preparatory work for the tax agreements plays a large role when it comes to determining the common intention of the parties, which the Supreme Administrative Court has attached decisive importance to in the interpretation of tax agreements, regardless of whether or not they are designed in accordance with OECD model convention.

Regarding MLI, the study concludes that the impact on the Swedish tax agreements is relatively small due to the fact that Sweden has only chosen to introduce the articles from the convention that constitute the minimum standard. Of these articles, it is only the article that stipulates that the covered tax agreements must include a so-called Principal Purpose Test (PPT) which may possibly lead to increased complexity for tax authorities and courts in the application of the article, as well as unpredictability for taxpayers. In this regard, the work concludes that the model convention of 2017 and its commentaries (as well as future revisions) may play an important role in the interpretation of the PPT.

Furthermore, in the study, an analysis has also been made with regards to how Sweden chose to implement MLI in its first tax agreement and how this approach may affect the main purpose of MLI. In this respect, the study concludes that the chosen way that Sweden, together with Great Britain and Northern Ireland, chose to implement MLI in its tax agreement (through an amendment protocol) is satisfactory mainly on two grounds. One is that it contributes to more certainty for taxpayers. The second is that it facilitates the interpretation of the tax agreement based on the determination of the common
intention of the parties, which the Supreme Administrative Court values the most in the interpretation of tax agreements. The disadvantage, however, is that an amendment protocol is to be considered a bilateral negotiation, which MLI intends to avoid. The study concludes that future precedents are required to provide a clear conclusion regarding the interaction that the MLI may have
with the OECD model agreement and its associated commentaries, even if the latest version has been designed within the framework of the BEPS-project. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Ett av de mest effektiva sätten för stater att samla in intäkter till statskassan är genom beskattning. Detta även om värdeskapandet sker utanför landets gränser. Problemet brukar benämnas för dubbelbeskattning. Som en följd av detta uppstår det från ett mikroperspektiv en osäkerhet för skattskyldiga vid gränsöverskridande transaktioner. Från ett makroperspektiv äventyras även potentiella investeringar av företag som exempelvis expansioner till andra länder. En av lösningarna till detta problem har varit att staterna ingår så kallade dubbelbeskattningsavtal med varandra, som reglerar vilken stat som har beskattningsrätt till en viss inkomst som genereras av en skattskyldig.

OECD har sedan 1960-talet utvecklat ett modellavtal som... (More)
Ett av de mest effektiva sätten för stater att samla in intäkter till statskassan är genom beskattning. Detta även om värdeskapandet sker utanför landets gränser. Problemet brukar benämnas för dubbelbeskattning. Som en följd av detta uppstår det från ett mikroperspektiv en osäkerhet för skattskyldiga vid gränsöverskridande transaktioner. Från ett makroperspektiv äventyras även potentiella investeringar av företag som exempelvis expansioner till andra länder. En av lösningarna till detta problem har varit att staterna ingår så kallade dubbelbeskattningsavtal med varandra, som reglerar vilken stat som har beskattningsrätt till en viss inkomst som genereras av en skattskyldig.

OECD har sedan 1960-talet utvecklat ett modellavtal som medlemsstaterna kan använda sig av vid utformandet av sina skatteavtal. Till modellavtalets artiklar har det även utvecklats kommentarer som underlättar tolkningen av skatteavtalet. Modellavtalet och kommentarerna revideras med jämna mellanrum. Sverige är en av de ursprungliga medlemsstaterna i OECD och en majoritet av de svenska skatteavtalen är baserade på modellavtalet. Modellavtalet och kommentarernas rättsliga status har utifrån den internationella skatterätten varit föremål för ständig diskussion genom åren. Inte minst för hur staters skattemyndigheter och domstolar ska förhålla sig till dem vid tolkning av skatteavtal.

På senare tid har det även uppkommit ett nytt problem för staterna, nämligen dubbel icke-beskattning. Med detta menas att en gränsöverskridande situation inte blir föremål för någon beskattning i någon av de avtalsslutande staterna. Problemet i detta avseende är följaktligen att staternas skattebaser urholkas och ekonomiska relationer försämras emellan staterna. OECD lanserade BEPS-projektet (Base-Erosion and Profit-Shifting) för att motarbeta detta problem, vilket utmynnade i 15 åtgärder. Sett till just dubbelbeskattningsavtal är åtgärd 15 den mest relevanta, benämnt för det Multilaterala Instrumentet (MLI). MLI är en konvention som har till syfte att möjliggöra för staterna att göra modifikationer i sina ingångna skatteavtal utan att be-höva påkalla till bilaterala förhandlingar. Frågan som nu uppkommer är hur tolkningen av de svenska skatteavtalen kan komma att påverkas med anledning av att Sverige kommer implementera MLI på de skatteavtal som ska omfattas av konventionen. Arbetet ämnar alltså att utreda just detta. Detta görs genom att först redogöra för hur tolkning av skatteavtal historiskt sett har gjorts av Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen. Därefter kommer en redogörelse göras för de relevanta delar av MLI och BEPS-projektet som Sverige valt att inkorporera i den interna rätten.

Arbetet kommer fram till att OECD:s modellavtal och dess tillhörande
kommentarer har haft en signifikant betydelse vid tolkningen av skatteavtal utifrån ett pragmatiskt perspektiv. Utifrån det legala perspektivet råder det fortfarande oklarhet kring deras rättsliga status, inte minst utifrån Wienkonventionen från 1969 om traktaträtten, vars tolkningsartiklar har redogjorts för i arbetet. Rättsfallen som återgivits i arbetet sträcker sig över fem decennier i syfte för att identifiera mönster gällande tolkningen av skatteavtal med hjälp av modellavtalet och kommentarerna. Det mest tydligaste mönstret är att Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen använder sig av kommentarerna i de fall de relevanta bestämmelserna i skatteavtalet är baserade på modellavtalet. Däremot är det inte riktigt klart hur domstolen har resonerat kring vilken användning av kommentarerna som gjorts. Tilläggsvis har arbetet även kommit fram till att förarbetena till skatteavtalen spelar en stor roll när det kommer till att fastställa den gemensamma partsavsikten, som Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen har lagt avgörande vikt vid i tolkningen av skatteavtal, oavsett om de är utformade i överensstämmelse med OECD:s modellavtal eller inte.

Gällande MLI kommer arbetet fram till att inverkan på de svenska skatteavtalen är förhållandevis liten med anledning till att Sverige enbart valt att införa de artiklar från konventionen som utgör minimistandard. Utav dessa artiklar är det enbart artikeln som stadgar att de omfattade skatteavtalen ska inkludera ett så kallat Principal Purpose Test (PPT) som eventuellt kan komma att medföra ökad komplexitet för skattemyndigheter och dom-stolar vid tillämpningen, samt oförutsebarhet för skattskyldiga. Arbetet kommer i detta avseende fram till att 2017 års modellavtal och dess kommentarer (samt framtida revideringar) kan komma att spela en viktig roll vid tolkningen av PPT.

Vidare har det i arbetet även gjorts en analys med avseende till hur Sverige valt att implementera MLI i sitt första skatteavtal och hur detta tillvägagångssätt kan komma att påverka huvudsyftet med MLI. I detta avseende kommer arbetet fram till att det valda sättet som Sverige tillsammans med Storbritannien och Nordirland valde att implementera MLI i sitt skatte-avtal (genom ett ändringsprotokoll) är tillfredsställande främst på två grunder. Det ena är att det bidrar till mer förutsebarhet för skattskyldiga. Det andra är att det underlättar tolkningen av skatteavtalet utifrån fastställandet av den gemensamma partsavsikten, som Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen värderar högst i tolkningen av skatteavtal. Nackdelen är däremot att ett ändringsprotokoll är att anse som en bilateral förhandling, vilket MLI ämnar till att undvika. Arbetet kommer fram till att det krävs framtida prejudikat för att ge en klar slutsats gällande samspelet som MLI kan komma att ha med OECD:s modellavtal och dess tillhörande kommentarer, även om den senaste versionen har utformats inom ramarna av BEPS-projektet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Rajab, Adam Shokr LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Tax interpretation in light of the BEPS-actions
course
JURM02 20222
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
skatterätt, tolkning, BEPS
language
Swedish
id
9105323
date added to LUP
2023-01-26 12:10:55
date last changed
2023-01-26 12:10:55
@misc{9105323,
  abstract     = {{One of the most effective ways for states to raise revenue for their treasury is through taxation. This is even if the value creation takes place outside the country's borders. The problem is usually referred to as double taxation. As a consequence of this, from a micro perspective, uncertainty arises for taxpayers in cross-border transactions. From a macro perspective, potential investments by companies such as expansions to other countries are also endangered. One of the solutions to this problem has been for the states to enter into so-called double taxation treaties with each other, which regulate, amongst other thing, which state has the right to tax a certain income generated by a taxpayer.

Since the 1960s, the OECD has developed a model convention that member states can use when drafting their tax treaties. Commentaries have also been developed for the articles of the model agreement which facilitate the interpretation of the tax treaty. The model agreement and comments are regularly revised. Sweden is one of the original member states of the OECD and a majority of the Swedish tax treaties are based on the model convention. The model convention and the legal status of the commentaries have been the subject of constant legal discussion over the years based on international tax law. Especially with regards to how states' tax authorities and courts should treat them when interpreting tax treaties.

Recently, a new problem has also arisen for the states, namely double nontaxation. This means that a cross-border situation is not subject to any taxation in any of the contracting states. The problem in this regard is consequently that the tax bases of the states are being eroded and economic relations are deteriorating between the states. The OECD launched the BEPS-project (Base-Erosion and Profit Shifting) in order to counter this problem, which resulted in 15 actions. In terms of double taxation treaties, action 15 is the most relevant, named for the Multilateral Instrument (MLI). The MLI is a convention whose purpose is to enable the states to make modifications in their concluded tax agreements without having to call for bilateral negotiations.

The question that now arises is how the interpretation of the Swedish tax treaties may be affected due to the fact that Sweden will implement MLI on the tax treaties that are to be covered by the convention. The study therefore intends to investigate this particular matter. This is done by first giving an account of how tax treaties have historically been interpreted by the Supreme Administrative Court. Afterwards, an account will be made of the relevant articles of the MLI and the BEPS-project that Sweden has chosen to incorporate into their internal legislation.

The study concludes that the OECD model convention and its commentaries have had a significant impact on the interpretation of tax treaties from a pragmatic perspective. From the legal perspective, there is still uncertainty about their legal status, particularly with regards to the Vienna Convention from 1969 on the law of treaties, whose articles of interpretation have been explained in the study. The legal cases referred to in the study span over five decades in order to identify patterns regarding the interpretation of tax treaties using the model convention and its commentaries. The clearest pattern is that
the Supreme Administrative Court makes use of the comments in cases where the relevant provisions of the tax agreement are based on the model agreement. However, it is not quite clear how the court has reasoned about the use of a particular version of the commentaries. In addition, the study has also concluded that the preparatory work for the tax agreements plays a large role when it comes to determining the common intention of the parties, which the Supreme Administrative Court has attached decisive importance to in the interpretation of tax agreements, regardless of whether or not they are designed in accordance with OECD model convention.

Regarding MLI, the study concludes that the impact on the Swedish tax agreements is relatively small due to the fact that Sweden has only chosen to introduce the articles from the convention that constitute the minimum standard. Of these articles, it is only the article that stipulates that the covered tax agreements must include a so-called Principal Purpose Test (PPT) which may possibly lead to increased complexity for tax authorities and courts in the application of the article, as well as unpredictability for taxpayers. In this regard, the work concludes that the model convention of 2017 and its commentaries (as well as future revisions) may play an important role in the interpretation of the PPT.

Furthermore, in the study, an analysis has also been made with regards to how Sweden chose to implement MLI in its first tax agreement and how this approach may affect the main purpose of MLI. In this respect, the study concludes that the chosen way that Sweden, together with Great Britain and Northern Ireland, chose to implement MLI in its tax agreement (through an amendment protocol) is satisfactory mainly on two grounds. One is that it contributes to more certainty for taxpayers. The second is that it facilitates the interpretation of the tax agreement based on the determination of the common
intention of the parties, which the Supreme Administrative Court values the most in the interpretation of tax agreements. The disadvantage, however, is that an amendment protocol is to be considered a bilateral negotiation, which MLI intends to avoid. The study concludes that future precedents are required to provide a clear conclusion regarding the interaction that the MLI may have
with the OECD model agreement and its associated commentaries, even if the latest version has been designed within the framework of the BEPS-project.}},
  author       = {{Rajab, Adam Shokr}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skatterättslig tolkning i ljuset av BEPS-åtgärderna}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}