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Smarta kontrakt: Kalla och beräknande viljeförklaringar - En allmän avtalsrättslig undersökning av smarta kontrakt på blockkedjor.

Lidefelt, Hugo LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
In this essay I discuss contract formation and contract interpretation with regards to smart contracts. Smart contracts are computer programs inserted on a blockchain, with the purpose of facilitating an exchange of digital goods between the parties. Blockchain technology is used to store smart contracts in order to imbue the smart contract with several useful qualities for contracting in a trustless environment. By using the blockchain, the smart contract becomes immutable, and performance is said to become guaranteed, which means that the parties no longer must trust one another not to breach the contract, either by accident or willingly. Some authors have suggested that the self-executing nature of smart contracts, in combination with... (More)
In this essay I discuss contract formation and contract interpretation with regards to smart contracts. Smart contracts are computer programs inserted on a blockchain, with the purpose of facilitating an exchange of digital goods between the parties. Blockchain technology is used to store smart contracts in order to imbue the smart contract with several useful qualities for contracting in a trustless environment. By using the blockchain, the smart contract becomes immutable, and performance is said to become guaranteed, which means that the parties no longer must trust one another not to breach the contract, either by accident or willingly. Some authors have suggested that the self-executing nature of smart contracts, in combination with its immutability, renders current legal institutions, such as the courts, non-essential. This paper demonstrates how this conclusion is, at best, naive, since contract law serves largely as a remedial function, while the usage of smart contracts seeks to guarantee performance ex ante.
This essay concludes that the expression of will is an unavoidable part of Swedish contract law, despite some authors suggesting that this approach is not satisfactory for several common types of contracts. This conclusion forms the basis of my analysis when discussing contract formation on the blockchain. I conclude that the act of uploading a smart contract to the blockchain, in general, must be regarded as an invitation to offer. This is because Swedish contract law draws the distinction between offer and invitation to offer based on whether the receiver had reason to believe that the offer was directed to her or a group including her. The act of sending a cryptographically signed message, instigating the execution of the contract is identified as an offer, and the subsequent performance of the contract is regarded as an acceptance of the offer.
The interpretation of a smart contract is associated with several difficulties, which are linked to the immutability of the smart contract, and to the fact that the smart contract self-enforces. The smart contract is unable to consider circumstances which are relevant when interpreting traditional contracts. Such circumstances include prior negotiations, the expectations of the parties and other written terms which interact with the contract. Furthermore, this essay concludes that when there is a written representation of the party’s agreement, and the smart contract executes in a fashion which is incompatible with the written contract, the written contract has primacy over the smart contract, in general. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats rör frågan om avtalsmekanismen och avtalstolkning i förhållande till smarta kontrakt. Smarta kontrakt är datorprogram som laddas upp på en blockkedja i syfte att utföra någon form av transaktion mellan en eller flera parter. Genom att ladda upp de smarta kontrakten på en blockkedja, blir de omöjligt att ändra på i efterhand, vilket säkerställer att de exekverar. På så vis är det möjligt för pseudonyma användare på blockkedjan att ingå avtal utan att man i grund och botten litar på varandra. Smarta kontrakt påstås utgöra ett alternativ till traditionella juridiska institutioner så som domstolar, eftersom man i teorin kan garantera att parternas prestationer utväxlas på teknologisk väg. Denna uppsats visar att en sådant... (More)
Denna uppsats rör frågan om avtalsmekanismen och avtalstolkning i förhållande till smarta kontrakt. Smarta kontrakt är datorprogram som laddas upp på en blockkedja i syfte att utföra någon form av transaktion mellan en eller flera parter. Genom att ladda upp de smarta kontrakten på en blockkedja, blir de omöjligt att ändra på i efterhand, vilket säkerställer att de exekverar. På så vis är det möjligt för pseudonyma användare på blockkedjan att ingå avtal utan att man i grund och botten litar på varandra. Smarta kontrakt påstås utgöra ett alternativ till traditionella juridiska institutioner så som domstolar, eftersom man i teorin kan garantera att parternas prestationer utväxlas på teknologisk väg. Denna uppsats visar att en sådant påstående inte står sig när man undersöker saken närmare. Främst beror detta på att smarta kontrakt enbart fyller en funktion ex ante avtalsslut, medans avtalsrätten fyller en funktion ex post avtalsslut.
Uppsatsen konstaterar att viljeförklaringar är grunden för alla avtal, trots skiftande åsikter om detta i doktrin. Viljeförklaringsteorin bildar därmed grunden för den fortsatta analysen. Vidare landar jag i slutsatsen att uppladdningen av ett smart kontrakt generellt bör betraktas som ett utbud, eftersom svensk avtalsrätt drar en distinktion mellan anbud och utbud baserat på om mottagaren av erbjudandet anser sig individualiserad genom densamma. Eftersom uppladdningen av det smarta kontraktet är att betraktas som ett utbud, bör anslutningen till det smarta kontraktet betecknas som anbudet, vilket innebär att den efterföljande exekveringen bildar accepten.
Att tillämpa avtalstolkningsläran på smarta kontrakt ger upphov till flera svårigheter, vilka främst beror på att parterna behöver uttömande beskriva sitt rättsförhållande i programmeringsspråk. Uppsatsen utgår från att det finns en ambition att översätta komplexa avtal på ett sätt så att ett smart kontrakt ska kunna utföra dem. Det smarta kontraktet måste tolka sig självt, men kan inte ta hänsyn till omständigheter som vanligtvis är relevanta i den svenska avtalstolkningsläran, vilket innebär att det inte kan garanteras att det smarta kontraktet exekverar på ett sätt som är förenligt med parternas önskan. Detta innebär att det smarta kontraktet inte kan ta hänsyn till omständigheter såsom parternas syfte med avtalet, väsentliga förväntningar och övriga verbala eller skriftliga överenskommelser som kan ha påverkan på tolkningen av parternas överenskommelse. Parterna kan ta höjd för att det smarta kontraktet exekverar felaktigt genom att säkra skriftlig dokumentation som tydliggör vad som gäller mellan parterna, då sådan dokumentation generellt bör äga företräde som tolkningsdata framför det smarta kontraktet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lidefelt, Hugo LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Smart contracts: Cold and calculated expressions of will
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Smart contracts, Smarta kontrakt, Avtalsrätt, Rättshandling, Viljeförklaring, Begreppsjurisprudens, Allmän rättslära, Blockkedja, Blockkedjor, Avtalstolkning, Avtalsgrundande rättsfakta
language
Swedish
id
9115230
date added to LUP
2023-06-19 09:22:27
date last changed
2023-06-19 09:22:27
@misc{9115230,
  abstract     = {{In this essay I discuss contract formation and contract interpretation with regards to smart contracts. Smart contracts are computer programs inserted on a blockchain, with the purpose of facilitating an exchange of digital goods between the parties. Blockchain technology is used to store smart contracts in order to imbue the smart contract with several useful qualities for contracting in a trustless environment. By using the blockchain, the smart contract becomes immutable, and performance is said to become guaranteed, which means that the parties no longer must trust one another not to breach the contract, either by accident or willingly. Some authors have suggested that the self-executing nature of smart contracts, in combination with its immutability, renders current legal institutions, such as the courts, non-essential. This paper demonstrates how this conclusion is, at best, naive, since contract law serves largely as a remedial function, while the usage of smart contracts seeks to guarantee performance ex ante. 
This essay concludes that the expression of will is an unavoidable part of Swedish contract law, despite some authors suggesting that this approach is not satisfactory for several common types of contracts. This conclusion forms the basis of my analysis when discussing contract formation on the blockchain. I conclude that the act of uploading a smart contract to the blockchain, in general, must be regarded as an invitation to offer. This is because Swedish contract law draws the distinction between offer and invitation to offer based on whether the receiver had reason to believe that the offer was directed to her or a group including her. The act of sending a cryptographically signed message, instigating the execution of the contract is identified as an offer, and the subsequent performance of the contract is regarded as an acceptance of the offer. 
The interpretation of a smart contract is associated with several difficulties, which are linked to the immutability of the smart contract, and to the fact that the smart contract self-enforces. The smart contract is unable to consider circumstances which are relevant when interpreting traditional contracts. Such circumstances include prior negotiations, the expectations of the parties and other written terms which interact with the contract. Furthermore, this essay concludes that when there is a written representation of the party’s agreement, and the smart contract executes in a fashion which is incompatible with the written contract, the written contract has primacy over the smart contract, in general.}},
  author       = {{Lidefelt, Hugo}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Smarta kontrakt: Kalla och beräknande viljeförklaringar - En allmän avtalsrättslig undersökning av smarta kontrakt på blockkedjor.}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}