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Fullmaktslärans ofullkomlighet - Om problemen kring elektroniska fullmakters giltighet och återkallelse

Carlsson, Rickard LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Society is becoming increasingly digitalised, which entails a growing demand for electronic tools and assistance in everyday life and business. Powers of attorney are tools that were previously exclusively oral or physical, but can now also be issued in electronic form. Electronic powers of attorney are also believed to become increasingly common in the future. However, there exist no comprehensive assessment of electronic powers of attorney amongst court cases or in the legal doctrine.


Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to map, systematise and analyse the Swedish institute of authority’s applicability on electronic powers of attorney. To achieve the thesis’ aim, several research questions have been formulated. In summary, the... (More)
Society is becoming increasingly digitalised, which entails a growing demand for electronic tools and assistance in everyday life and business. Powers of attorney are tools that were previously exclusively oral or physical, but can now also be issued in electronic form. Electronic powers of attorney are also believed to become increasingly common in the future. However, there exist no comprehensive assessment of electronic powers of attorney amongst court cases or in the legal doctrine.


Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to map, systematise and analyse the Swedish institute of authority’s applicability on electronic powers of attorney. To achieve the thesis’ aim, several research questions have been formulated. In summary, the research questions address to what extent electronic powers of attorney are valid and can be revoked according with the institute of authority. The thesis’ research questions also address to what extent the blockchain technology have a significance for the validity and revocability of electronic written powers of attorney. A legal dogmatic method is used to achieve the thesis’ aim and to answer the research questions.

Despite limited studies in the legal doctrine, it can be concluded that electronic powers of attorney in general are valid since there, as a general rule, are no form requirements prescribed by law for the validity of a power of attorney. Therefore, powers of attorney can be created and mandate given through means such as emails to the third party, publications on websites, and electronic written powers of attorney. However, powers of attorney regarding the transfer of ownership of real property are subject to a written form requirement. There is some support in the travaux préparatoires and the legal doctrine that the validity of powers of attorney regarding the transfer of ownership of real property also requires the principal’s signature. It is argued in the thesis that the principal’s signature is required, and that a physical signature is necessary to meet the requirement. Therefore, it is concluded that electronic powers of attorney are valid if they do not concern a transfer of ownership of real property.

Furthermore, it is argued in the thesis that electronic powers of attorney can be revoked both through the Contract Act’s provisions that regulate revocation and through an effective neutralisation of the circumstances that gives the third party reason to believe that a power of attorney exists. It is concluded that most types of electronic powers of attorney may be revoked through communicating the revocation in the same manner as the power of attorney was communicated. However, it is argued in the thesis that revocation of electronic written powers of attorney are not practically possible in many situations. In such cases, the principal’s only option is to declare the electronic written power of attorney void. It is argued in the thesis that such a procedure alone is insufficient to safeguard the principal’s interests. Therefore, several potential changes in the legislation, that could guarantee the possibility to revoke electronic written powers of attorney, are proposed in the thesis.

In the thesis’ conclusion, the function and significance of blockchain technology for electronic written powers of attorney are discussed. Blockchain technology can be used to, for instance, create a representation of an electronic written power of attorney in a blockchain. The representation can be transferred between different natural and legal persons. It is argued that an electronic written power of attorney could potentially be revoked using blockchain technology if the principal regains ownership of the representation. However, there is limited legal discussion in Sweden regarding the legal significance of blockchain technology. Therefore, it is pointed out in the thesis that there are several opportunities for further studies of the legal implications of blockchain technology. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Samhället blir alltmer digitaliserat och det ställs därför allt större krav på elektroniska redskap och hjälpmedel i vardagen och affärslivet. Fullmakter är ett redskap som tidigare uteslutande var muntliga eller fysiska men som numera även förekommer i elektronisk form. Elektroniska fullmakter förväntas också bli allt vanligare i framtiden. Det saknas dock en djupare behandling av elektroniska fullmakter i rättstillämpningen och den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen.

Uppsatsens syfte är därför att kartlägga, systematisera och analysera den svenska förmögenhetsrättsliga fullmaktslärans tillämplighet på elektroniska fullmakter. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte har flera frågeställningar formulerats. I sammanfattning avser frågeställningarna... (More)
Samhället blir alltmer digitaliserat och det ställs därför allt större krav på elektroniska redskap och hjälpmedel i vardagen och affärslivet. Fullmakter är ett redskap som tidigare uteslutande var muntliga eller fysiska men som numera även förekommer i elektronisk form. Elektroniska fullmakter förväntas också bli allt vanligare i framtiden. Det saknas dock en djupare behandling av elektroniska fullmakter i rättstillämpningen och den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen.

Uppsatsens syfte är därför att kartlägga, systematisera och analysera den svenska förmögenhetsrättsliga fullmaktslärans tillämplighet på elektroniska fullmakter. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte har flera frågeställningar formulerats. I sammanfattning avser frågeställningarna i vilken mån elektroniska fullmakter är giltiga och kan återkallas enligt fullmaktsläran, samt i vilken mån som blockkedjetekniken har en betydelse för elektroniska skriftliga fullmakters giltighet och möjlighet till återkallelse. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte och besvara frågeställningarna tillämpas en rättsdogmatisk metod.

Trots en ringa behandling i den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen kan det konstateras att elektroniska fullmakter som utgångspunkt är giltiga eftersom det som huvudregel inte finns några formkrav för en fullmakts giltighet. Fullmakter kan därför meddelas genom exempelvis mejl till tredje man, publiceringar på hemsidor och elektroniska skriftliga fullmakter. Fullmakter om överlåtelse av fast egendom har dock ett lagstadgat skriftformskrav. Det finns visst stöd i förarbeten och den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen för att det också föreligger ett indirekt formkrav på huvudmannens underskrift för fullmakter om överlåtelse av fast egendom. I uppsatsen argumenteras det för att ett sådant underskriftsformkrav föreligger och att formkravet enbart kan uppfyllas genom fysiska underskrifter. I uppsatsen dras därför slutsatsen att elektroniska fullmakter är giltiga så länge de inte avser överlåtelse av fast egendom.

I uppsatsen argumenteras det därefter för att elektroniska fullmakter kan återkallas dels genom avtalslagens återkallelsebestämmelser, dels genom en effektiv neutralisering av de omständigheter som ger tredje man fog att tro att en fullmakt föreligger. I uppsatsen konstateras att de flesta elektroniska fullmaktstyper kan återkallas genom att återkallelsen meddelas på samma sätt som fullmakten meddelats på. Avseende elektroniska skriftliga fullmakter argumenteras det i uppsatsen dock för att en återkallelse i många situationer inte är praktiskt möjlig. I sådana fall återstår enbart möjligheten för huvudmannen att förklara den elektroniska skriftliga fullmakten som kraftlös, ett förfarande som ensamt bör anses otillräckligt för att värna om huvudmannens intressen. I uppsatsen föreslås därför flera potentiella lagförändringar som skulle kunna genomföras i syfte att garantera en möjlighet till att återkalla elektroniska skriftliga fullmakter.

Avslutningsvis diskuteras blockkedjeteknikens funktion och betydelse för elektroniska skriftliga fullmakter. Genom blockkedjetekniken kan det exempelvis skapas en representation i en blockkedja av en elektronisk skriftlig fullmakt. Själva representationen kan överlåtas mellan olika personer. I uppsatsen argumenteras det för att en representation i en blockkedja av en elektronisk skriftlig fullmakt eventuellt skulle kunna användas för att återkalla fullmakten genom att huvudmannen återtar ägandeskapet över representationen. I uppsatsen framhålls också att det råder en begränsad rättslig diskussion i Sverige om blockkedjetekniken och att det därför finns flera möjligheter till vidare studier avseende blockkedjeteknikens rättsliga betydelse. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Carlsson, Rickard LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The imperfection of the Swedish institute of authority - The problems surrounding the validity and revocation of electronic powers of attorney
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Fullmakt, fullmaktsläran, elektronisk fullmakt, återkallelse av fullmakt, civilrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, allmän avtalsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9115672
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 14:25:16
date last changed
2023-06-08 14:25:16
@misc{9115672,
  abstract     = {{Society is becoming increasingly digitalised, which entails a growing demand for electronic tools and assistance in everyday life and business. Powers of attorney are tools that were previously exclusively oral or physical, but can now also be issued in electronic form. Electronic powers of attorney are also believed to become increasingly common in the future. However, there exist no comprehensive assessment of electronic powers of attorney amongst court cases or in the legal doctrine.


Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to map, systematise and analyse the Swedish institute of authority’s applicability on electronic powers of attorney. To achieve the thesis’ aim, several research questions have been formulated. In summary, the research questions address to what extent electronic powers of attorney are valid and can be revoked according with the institute of authority. The thesis’ research questions also address to what extent the blockchain technology have a significance for the validity and revocability of electronic written powers of attorney. A legal dogmatic method is used to achieve the thesis’ aim and to answer the research questions.

Despite limited studies in the legal doctrine, it can be concluded that electronic powers of attorney in general are valid since there, as a general rule, are no form requirements prescribed by law for the validity of a power of attorney. Therefore, powers of attorney can be created and mandate given through means such as emails to the third party, publications on websites, and electronic written powers of attorney. However, powers of attorney regarding the transfer of ownership of real property are subject to a written form requirement. There is some support in the travaux préparatoires and the legal doctrine that the validity of powers of attorney regarding the transfer of ownership of real property also requires the principal’s signature. It is argued in the thesis that the principal’s signature is required, and that a physical signature is necessary to meet the requirement. Therefore, it is concluded that electronic powers of attorney are valid if they do not concern a transfer of ownership of real property.

Furthermore, it is argued in the thesis that electronic powers of attorney can be revoked both through the Contract Act’s provisions that regulate revocation and through an effective neutralisation of the circumstances that gives the third party reason to believe that a power of attorney exists. It is concluded that most types of electronic powers of attorney may be revoked through communicating the revocation in the same manner as the power of attorney was communicated. However, it is argued in the thesis that revocation of electronic written powers of attorney are not practically possible in many situations. In such cases, the principal’s only option is to declare the electronic written power of attorney void. It is argued in the thesis that such a procedure alone is insufficient to safeguard the principal’s interests. Therefore, several potential changes in the legislation, that could guarantee the possibility to revoke electronic written powers of attorney, are proposed in the thesis.

In the thesis’ conclusion, the function and significance of blockchain technology for electronic written powers of attorney are discussed. Blockchain technology can be used to, for instance, create a representation of an electronic written power of attorney in a blockchain. The representation can be transferred between different natural and legal persons. It is argued that an electronic written power of attorney could potentially be revoked using blockchain technology if the principal regains ownership of the representation. However, there is limited legal discussion in Sweden regarding the legal significance of blockchain technology. Therefore, it is pointed out in the thesis that there are several opportunities for further studies of the legal implications of blockchain technology.}},
  author       = {{Carlsson, Rickard}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Fullmaktslärans ofullkomlighet - Om problemen kring elektroniska fullmakters giltighet och återkallelse}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}