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Ond tro & omstødelse: Særligt om dansk og svensk domspraksis vedrørende ond tro-betingelsen i konkurslovenes subjektive omstødelsesregel

Lovmand Hvid, Geske LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Danish)
I 1970’erne reformeredes den danske og den svenske konkurslov inden for rammen af et fællesnordisk samarbejde med en målsætning om at opnå ensartede fællesnordiske regler på den materielle konkursrets område. Konkurslovenes omstødelsesregler er et af de steder, hvor de nordiske lan-des konkurslovgivning på papiret er mest ensartet.
Det fremhæves ofte i litteraturen og domspraksis, at de nordiske omstø-delsesregler er stort set identiske. Det gør, at der skeles til de andre nordi-ske lande, når den nationale retstilstand fortolkes eller udvikles gennem lovændringer. I specialet argumenteres der for, at en forudsætning for, at vi kan drage nytte af fordelene med ensartede formueretlige regler, er, at ud-viklingen i fortolkningen at reglerne... (More)
I 1970’erne reformeredes den danske og den svenske konkurslov inden for rammen af et fællesnordisk samarbejde med en målsætning om at opnå ensartede fællesnordiske regler på den materielle konkursrets område. Konkurslovenes omstødelsesregler er et af de steder, hvor de nordiske lan-des konkurslovgivning på papiret er mest ensartet.
Det fremhæves ofte i litteraturen og domspraksis, at de nordiske omstø-delsesregler er stort set identiske. Det gør, at der skeles til de andre nordi-ske lande, når den nationale retstilstand fortolkes eller udvikles gennem lovændringer. I specialet argumenteres der for, at en forudsætning for, at vi kan drage nytte af fordelene med ensartede formueretlige regler, er, at ud-viklingen i fortolkningen at reglerne belyses, herunder risiko- og hensyns-afvejningerne. Problemet er, at den juridiske litteratur mangler at belyse, hvad status er på den fællesnordiske formueret efter mange års domsprak-sis, og dermed forstå, i hvilken udstrækning reglerne er fællesnordiske i dag. Svaret herpå kan ligeledes påvirke andre retsområder, for eksempel international privatret på formuerettens område, hvor den nordiske kon-kurskonvention bygger på en grundtanke om, at reglerne i Norden er fæl-lesnordiske.
Grundtanken bag actio pauliana er, at konkursretligt utilbørlige disposi-tioner, som forringer skyldnerens formue eller forrykker konkurskredito-rernes ligelige fyldestgørelse, kan omstødes, forudsat at den begunstigede er i ond tro om skyldnerens insolvens samt omstændighederne, som gør dispositionen utilbørlig.
Specialet peger på, at actio paulianas ond tro-betingelse fortolkes for-skelligt efter henholdsvis dansk og svensk ret. Fokus er på domspraksis fra Højesteret og Högsta domstolen vedrørende actio paulianas anvendelse i handelsforholdet, og undersøgelsen strækker sig fra 1975 til i dag. Analy-sen foretages gennem en retsdogmatisk og komparativ metode. Undersø-gelsen viser, at ond tro-vurderingen i svensk domspraksis kræver, at tred-jemand udviser en større grad af hensyn til og omsorg for de øvrige kredi-torers interesser end den danske fortolkning, hvor der gives mere plads til opportunistisk adfærd hos tredjemand. Dansk domspraksis vedrørende handelsforholdet har udviklet sig væk fra at pålægge tredjemand en under-søgelsespligt. Den svenske fortolkning pålægger derimod tredjemand en undersøgelsespligt. Generelt vægter Högsta domstolen kreditorhensynet højere end Højesteret, som i større udstrækning prioriterer tredjemands- og omsætningshensynet i ond tro-vurderingerne.
Specialet viser, at lovgiverens ambition om ensartede formueretlige regler kan være i konflikt med formuerettens normdannelse. Domstolenes fortolkning af ond tro-betingelsen har skabt en diskrepans mellem dansk og svensk ret, hvorfor actio pauliana i vid udstrækning er fællesnordisk på papiret, men forskellig i den praktiske retsanvendelse. (Less)
Abstract
Following a cooperation between the Nordic Countries in the 1970s, the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts were both reformed. The reform was, amongst others, motived by a wish to create a uniform legislation regard-ing the substantive rules in the Nordic countries Bankruptcy Acts. The clawback provisions are understood as a successful result of the Nordic cooperation, resulting in very similar clawback provisions in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts. This thesis examines whether those rules have remained uniform across Denmark and Sweden after nearly five dec-ades of developments in national case law. The thesis addresses the claw-back provision actio pauliana in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Act and its interpretation by the... (More)
Following a cooperation between the Nordic Countries in the 1970s, the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts were both reformed. The reform was, amongst others, motived by a wish to create a uniform legislation regard-ing the substantive rules in the Nordic countries Bankruptcy Acts. The clawback provisions are understood as a successful result of the Nordic cooperation, resulting in very similar clawback provisions in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts. This thesis examines whether those rules have remained uniform across Denmark and Sweden after nearly five dec-ades of developments in national case law. The thesis addresses the claw-back provision actio pauliana in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Act and its interpretation by the Supreme Courts of Denmark and Sweden.
Furthermore, literature and case law have emphasized that Commercial Law across the Nordic countries is largely identical. Especially, the Swe-dish Supreme Court often refers to case law and literature from other Nor-dic countries when interpretating national Swedish Commercial Law. The thesis emphasizes that we must first analyze and reflect upon the status of the common Nordic Commercial Law as well as the extent to which those rules remain common to the Nordic countries. This may also have implica-tions for the understanding of other areas of law, such as Private Interna-tional Law, where the existing Nordic Bankruptcy Convention is based on the notion of a common Nordic Commercial Law.
Actio pauliana states that a legal act i) due to which a creditor has undu-ly benefited at the expense of other creditors, or ii) whereby the debtor’s property has been concealed from the creditors or iii) whereby the debtor’s debts have increased, shall be subject to clawback, if the debtor was, or became, by virtue of the proceedings, insolvent, and the other party acted in bad faith.
The thesis argues that there is a distinction in how the Danish and Swe-dish Supreme Courts interpret the concept of bad faith due to actio pauli-ana. It does so on the basis of a comparative and dogmatic legal method focusing on the Danish and Swedish case law since 1975 regarding com-mercial relationships. The interpretation approach taken in the Swedish case law indicates that there is a requirement of a greater degree of care for the interests of the other creditors compared to the Danish case law, in which opportunistic behavior is accepted to a higher degree. While the Danish interpretation of bad faith has turned away from requiring a duty of enquiry, the Swedish case law imposes such a duty. The difference between these interpretations appears to be based on fundamental legal considera-tions.
Finally, the thesis suggests that the ambition for uniform Nordic rules within Commercial Law may conflict with the norm formation that is em-phasized in the preparatory works, where the legislator writes that case law must shape the rules over the years. The thesis shows that the common Nordic rules have evolved in different directions in Danish and Swedish case law, meaning that the almost identical written rules in this area are not substantively the same as a matter of legal practice. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lovmand Hvid, Geske LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Actio pauliana & bad faith
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, komparativ rätt
language
Danish
id
9115701
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 10:41:37
date last changed
2023-06-08 10:41:37
@misc{9115701,
  abstract     = {{Following a cooperation between the Nordic Countries in the 1970s, the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts were both reformed. The reform was, amongst others, motived by a wish to create a uniform legislation regard-ing the substantive rules in the Nordic countries Bankruptcy Acts. The clawback provisions are understood as a successful result of the Nordic cooperation, resulting in very similar clawback provisions in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Acts. This thesis examines whether those rules have remained uniform across Denmark and Sweden after nearly five dec-ades of developments in national case law. The thesis addresses the claw-back provision actio pauliana in the Danish and Swedish Bankruptcy Act and its interpretation by the Supreme Courts of Denmark and Sweden. 
Furthermore, literature and case law have emphasized that Commercial Law across the Nordic countries is largely identical. Especially, the Swe-dish Supreme Court often refers to case law and literature from other Nor-dic countries when interpretating national Swedish Commercial Law. The thesis emphasizes that we must first analyze and reflect upon the status of the common Nordic Commercial Law as well as the extent to which those rules remain common to the Nordic countries. This may also have implica-tions for the understanding of other areas of law, such as Private Interna-tional Law, where the existing Nordic Bankruptcy Convention is based on the notion of a common Nordic Commercial Law. 
Actio pauliana states that a legal act i) due to which a creditor has undu-ly benefited at the expense of other creditors, or ii) whereby the debtor’s property has been concealed from the creditors or iii) whereby the debtor’s debts have increased, shall be subject to clawback, if the debtor was, or became, by virtue of the proceedings, insolvent, and the other party acted in bad faith.
The thesis argues that there is a distinction in how the Danish and Swe-dish Supreme Courts interpret the concept of bad faith due to actio pauli-ana. It does so on the basis of a comparative and dogmatic legal method focusing on the Danish and Swedish case law since 1975 regarding com-mercial relationships. The interpretation approach taken in the Swedish case law indicates that there is a requirement of a greater degree of care for the interests of the other creditors compared to the Danish case law, in which opportunistic behavior is accepted to a higher degree. While the Danish interpretation of bad faith has turned away from requiring a duty of enquiry, the Swedish case law imposes such a duty. The difference between these interpretations appears to be based on fundamental legal considera-tions.
Finally, the thesis suggests that the ambition for uniform Nordic rules within Commercial Law may conflict with the norm formation that is em-phasized in the preparatory works, where the legislator writes that case law must shape the rules over the years. The thesis shows that the common Nordic rules have evolved in different directions in Danish and Swedish case law, meaning that the almost identical written rules in this area are not substantively the same as a matter of legal practice.}},
  author       = {{Lovmand Hvid, Geske}},
  language     = {{dan}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ond tro & omstødelse: Særligt om dansk og svensk domspraksis vedrørende ond tro-betingelsen i konkurslovenes subjektive omstødelsesregel}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}