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Det offentliga på sociala medier ‒ Om offentliganställdas rätt att uttala sig på sociala medier och myndigheters möjligheter att reglera anställdas användning av sociala medier

Rameld, Anna LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I samband med digitaliseringen och den ökade användningen av sociala medier har allt fler myndigheter och myndighetsanställda börjat använda sig av sociala medier. De flesta myndigheter har officiella konton på sociala medier där myndighetsföreträdare publicerar inlägg med information för sin arbetsgivares räkning. Även vissa myndighetsanställda, såsom lärare och poliser, har konton på sociala medier med i vissa fall tusentals följare där de bland annat berättar om sitt arbete och sin arbetsdag. Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda hur en persons offentliga anställning påverkar rätten att uttala sig via sociala medier. Uppsatsen ämnar vidare utreda hur myndigheters möjligheter att utfärda riktlinjer för anställdas användning av sociala... (More)
I samband med digitaliseringen och den ökade användningen av sociala medier har allt fler myndigheter och myndighetsanställda börjat använda sig av sociala medier. De flesta myndigheter har officiella konton på sociala medier där myndighetsföreträdare publicerar inlägg med information för sin arbetsgivares räkning. Även vissa myndighetsanställda, såsom lärare och poliser, har konton på sociala medier med i vissa fall tusentals följare där de bland annat berättar om sitt arbete och sin arbetsdag. Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda hur en persons offentliga anställning påverkar rätten att uttala sig via sociala medier. Uppsatsen ämnar vidare utreda hur myndigheters möjligheter att utfärda riktlinjer för anställdas användning av sociala medier förhåller sig till anställdas yttrandefrihet.

Sammanfattningsvis visar utredningen att offentliganställda har rätt att uttala sig utifrån att de garanteras yttrandefrihet gentemot sin arbetsgivare genom tryckfrihetsförordningen, yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen och regeringsformen. Enligt tryckfrihetsförordningen och yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen har offentliganställda även rätt att meddela uppgifter enligt meddelarfriheten. Offentliganställdas rätt att uttala sig gäller enbart när de uttalar sig som privatpersoner och inte när de uttalar sig i egenskap av myndighetsföreträdare. När en myndighet uttalar sig genom en myndighetsföreträdare omfattas inte uttalandet av yttrandefriheten. Uttalanden av myndighetsföreträdare görs i det offentligas namn och ska vara i enlighet med objektivitetsprincipen.

Utredningen visar på att det i vissa fall är svårt att dra tydliga gränser för i vilken egenskap en offentliganställd uttalar sig. Särskilt gällande uttalanden på sociala medier är det, i vissa fall, svårt att bedöma om en offentliganställd uttalar sig som privatperson eller myndighetsföreträdare. Sociala medier skiljer sig från traditionella medier bland annat genom att uttalanden via sociala medier inte omfattas av yttrandefriheten enligt tryckfrihetsförordningen eller yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen utan enbart av yttrandefrihet enligt regeringsformen. Enligt en ordalydelsetolkning omfattas således inte uttalanden via sociala medier av meddelarfriheten men i praxis har meddelarfrihet även tillämpats på uttalanden via sociala medier. Det finns därför vissa oklarheter kring vilken rätt offentliganställda har att uttala sig via sociala medier samt vilka möjligheter myndigheter har att reglera anställdas användning av sociala medier.

Offentliganställdas yttrandefrihet gäller när anställda uttalar sig som privatpersoner och inte som myndighetsföreträdare. Den anställdes rätt att uttala sig via sociala medier beror därmed på om den anställde uttalar sig i egenskap av privatperson eller myndighetsföreträdare. I vilken roll den anställde uttalar sig är dock inte helt tydligt i vissa situationer och därmed är det i dessa fall även oklart när den anställde har rätt att uttala sig. Om den anställde uttalar sig som privatperson torde den anställde dock ha en vidsträckt yttrandefrihet med de begränsningar som finns i lag och utifrån offentliga arbetsgivares möjligheter att ingripa i vissa undantagssituationer. Det finns även visst stöd i praxis och doktrin för att den spridningsrisk och lättillgänglighet som finns på sociala medier skulle kunna föranleda vissa ytterligare begränsningar i offentliganställdas rätt att uttala sig. De oklarheter som finns gällande offentliganställdas rätt att uttala sig via sociala medier skapar även oklarheter gällande vilka möjligheter myndigheter har att reglera anställdas användning av sociala medier. Förutsatt att sociala medier medför vissa ytterligare begränsningar av offentliganställdas yttrandefrihet torde därmed dessa begränsningar även vara möjliga att införa i en riktlinje. Det är dock oklart om det är möjligt för en myndighet att i en riktlinje för anställdas användning av sociala medier införa ytterligare begränsningar av anställdas yttrandefrihet. (Less)
Abstract
Due to digitalization and the increased use of social media, more and more authorities and public employees have started to use social media. Most authorities have official accounts on social media where authority representatives publish information on behalf of their employer. Even some public employees, such as teachers and police officers, have accounts on social media with, in some cases, several thousands of followers, where they talk about their work life. This essay aims to investigate how a person's public employment affects their right to express oneself via social media. Furthermore, the essay intends to investigate how the authorities' ability to issue guidelines for employees' use of social media relates to employees' freedom... (More)
Due to digitalization and the increased use of social media, more and more authorities and public employees have started to use social media. Most authorities have official accounts on social media where authority representatives publish information on behalf of their employer. Even some public employees, such as teachers and police officers, have accounts on social media with, in some cases, several thousands of followers, where they talk about their work life. This essay aims to investigate how a person's public employment affects their right to express oneself via social media. Furthermore, the essay intends to investigate how the authorities' ability to issue guidelines for employees' use of social media relates to employees' freedom of speech.

In summation, the investigation shows that public employees have the right to express themselves on the basis that they are guaranteed freedom of speech vis-à-vis their employer through The Freedom of the Press Act, Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression, and The Instrument of Government. According to The Freedom of the Press Act and Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression, public employees also have the right to disclose information in accordance with the right to communicate and publish information. Public employees' freedom of speech applies when they speak as a private individual and not when they speak as a representative of an authority. When an authority, through an authority representative, makes a statement the statement is not covered by freedom of speech. Statements by authority representatives are made in the name of the state and must be in accordance with the principle of objectivity.

The investigation shows that it is difficult to determine if a public employee speaks as a private individual or as a representative of an authority in some cases. This applies especially regarding statements on social media. Statements via social media, in difference from statements via traditional media, are not covered by the freedom of expression according to The Freedom of the Press Act and Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression but by freedom of expression according to The Instrument of Government. According to a literal interpretation of these regulations, statements via social media are thus not covered by the right to communicate and publish information. However, in practice, the right to communicate and publish information has also been applied to statements via social media. There are therefore some unclarities regarding public employees' right to express themselves via social media and with authorities' possibilities to regulate employees' use of social media.

Public employees' freedom of speech applies when employees speak as private persons and not as representatives of authorities. Employees' right to express themselves via social media, therefore, depends on whether an employee is speaking as a private person or a representative of an authority. However, in certain situations, it is not entirely clear in what capacity the employee speaks, and thus it is also in some cases unclear when and if the employee has the right to speak. If a public employee speaks out as a private person, the employee should have an extensive freedom of speech with the limitations found in law and based on public employers' possibilities to intervene in certain exceptional situations. There is however some support in practice and doctrine that the responsiveness and risk of spreading that comes with social media could lead to some additional restrictions on public employees' right to express themselves. The ambiguities that exist regarding public employees' right to express themselves via social media also create ambiguities regarding authorities’ right to regulate employees' use of social media. If social media entails certain additional restrictions on public employees' freedom of expression, these restrictions should also be possible to introduce in a guideline. However, it is unclear if it is possible for an authority to introduce further restrictions on employees' freedom of expression in a guideline for employees' use of social media. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Rameld, Anna LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Public employees on social media ‒ Public employees' right to express themselves on social media and authorities' possibilities to regulate employees' use of social media
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt (en. labour law), förvaltningsrätt (en. administrative law)
language
Swedish
id
9115858
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 12:08:50
date last changed
2023-06-08 12:08:50
@misc{9115858,
  abstract     = {{Due to digitalization and the increased use of social media, more and more authorities and public employees have started to use social media. Most authorities have official accounts on social media where authority representatives publish information on behalf of their employer. Even some public employees, such as teachers and police officers, have accounts on social media with, in some cases, several thousands of followers, where they talk about their work life. This essay aims to investigate how a person's public employment affects their right to express oneself via social media. Furthermore, the essay intends to investigate how the authorities' ability to issue guidelines for employees' use of social media relates to employees' freedom of speech.

In summation, the investigation shows that public employees have the right to express themselves on the basis that they are guaranteed freedom of speech vis-à-vis their employer through The Freedom of the Press Act, Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression, and The Instrument of Government. According to The Freedom of the Press Act and Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression, public employees also have the right to disclose information in accordance with the right to communicate and publish information. Public employees' freedom of speech applies when they speak as a private individual and not when they speak as a representative of an authority. When an authority, through an authority representative, makes a statement the statement is not covered by freedom of speech. Statements by authority representatives are made in the name of the state and must be in accordance with the principle of objectivity. 

The investigation shows that it is difficult to determine if a public employee speaks as a private individual or as a representative of an authority in some cases. This applies especially regarding statements on social media. Statements via social media, in difference from statements via traditional media, are not covered by the freedom of expression according to The Freedom of the Press Act and Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression but by freedom of expression according to The Instrument of Government. According to a literal interpretation of these regulations, statements via social media are thus not covered by the right to communicate and publish information. However, in practice, the right to communicate and publish information has also been applied to statements via social media. There are therefore some unclarities regarding public employees' right to express themselves via social media and with authorities' possibilities to regulate employees' use of social media.

Public employees' freedom of speech applies when employees speak as private persons and not as representatives of authorities. Employees' right to express themselves via social media, therefore, depends on whether an employee is speaking as a private person or a representative of an authority. However, in certain situations, it is not entirely clear in what capacity the employee speaks, and thus it is also in some cases unclear when and if the employee has the right to speak. If a public employee speaks out as a private person, the employee should have an extensive freedom of speech with the limitations found in law and based on public employers' possibilities to intervene in certain exceptional situations. There is however some support in practice and doctrine that the responsiveness and risk of spreading that comes with social media could lead to some additional restrictions on public employees' right to express themselves. The ambiguities that exist regarding public employees' right to express themselves via social media also create ambiguities regarding authorities’ right to regulate employees' use of social media. If social media entails certain additional restrictions on public employees' freedom of expression, these restrictions should also be possible to introduce in a guideline. However, it is unclear if it is possible for an authority to introduce further restrictions on employees' freedom of expression in a guideline for employees' use of social media.}},
  author       = {{Rameld, Anna}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Det offentliga på sociala medier ‒ Om offentliganställdas rätt att uttala sig på sociala medier och myndigheters möjligheter att reglera anställdas användning av sociala medier}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}