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Skiljeförfaranden vid EU-interna investeringstvister - En analys av rättslägets utveckling efter domen C-284/16 Achmea

Sänneskog, Philip LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I C-284/16 Achmea slog EU-domstolen fast att en skiljeklausul i ett bilateralt investeringsavtal mellan två medlemsstater i den Europeiska unionen var ogiltigt och att den skiljedom som följde av avtalet därav skulle ogiltigförklaras. Domstolen ansåg att skiljeklausuler i investeringsavtal mellan två medlemsstater utgör en metod för att undandra en tvist som rör tolkning och tillämpning av unionsrätt från det domstolssystem som unionen byggt upp genom fördragen. Därför strider en sådan klausul mot artiklarna 267 och 344 i FEU och undergräver autonomin i EU:s rättsordning.

Domen sände chockvågor genom EU, men lämnade många frågor öppna för tolkning. Det har nu gått fem år sedan domen föll och EU-domstolen har både befäst och förtydligat... (More)
I C-284/16 Achmea slog EU-domstolen fast att en skiljeklausul i ett bilateralt investeringsavtal mellan två medlemsstater i den Europeiska unionen var ogiltigt och att den skiljedom som följde av avtalet därav skulle ogiltigförklaras. Domstolen ansåg att skiljeklausuler i investeringsavtal mellan två medlemsstater utgör en metod för att undandra en tvist som rör tolkning och tillämpning av unionsrätt från det domstolssystem som unionen byggt upp genom fördragen. Därför strider en sådan klausul mot artiklarna 267 och 344 i FEU och undergräver autonomin i EU:s rättsordning.

Domen sände chockvågor genom EU, men lämnade många frågor öppna för tolkning. Det har nu gått fem år sedan domen föll och EU-domstolen har både befäst och förtydligat den prejudikatregel som introducerades i Achmea. Det står klart att principerna från Achmea inte enbart ska tillämpas i sådana fall där omständigheterna är direkt jämförbara med de i Achmea, utan att prejudikatet har ett brett tillämpningsområde. Genom domen Komstroy har EU-domstolen klargjort att EU-interna investeringstvister under det multilaterala energistadgefördraget inte får lösas genom skiljeförfarande, och att fördragets skiljeklausul därav är ogiltig mellan unionens medlemsstater.

Efter Achmea och Komstroy har EU:s institutioner arbetat med att upplösa alla EU-interna BIT, och modernisera energistadgefördraget för att göra det förenligt med unionsrätten. Upplösandet av EU-interna BIT gick effektivt, men EU misslyckades med att få tillräckligt stöd för sitt moderniseringsförslag och framtiden för energistadgefördraget är därför ännu osäker. Flera av EU:s medlemsstater har uttryckt sina intentioner att lämna fördraget. Det finns även starka tecken på att EU-kommissionen planerar att föreslå för medlemsstaterna att koordinerat lämna fördraget, något EU-parlamentet står bakom. EU-kommissionens officiella hållning är fortfarande att de arbetar för att få igenom sitt moderniseringsförslag, men en stor förändring i EU-kommissionens inställning väntas under 2023.

I domen PL Holdings befäste EU-domstolen kraften i prejudikatet från Achmea när de slog fast att ett ad hoc-skiljeavtal, med identisk ordalydelse som en ogiltig skiljeklausul mellan två medlemsstater och som ingåtts för att kunna tillämpa den ogiltiga klausulen, även det är ogiltigt. I praktiken innebär detta att prejudikatregeln i Achmea står över 34 § andra stycket i lagen om skiljeförfarande och att den allmänna preklusionsregeln i svensk rätt inte kan användas för att undandra en investeringstvist från unionens domstolssystem. (Less)
Abstract
In C-284/16 Achmea, the European Court of Justice ruled that an arbitration clause in a bilateral investment treaty between two member states of the European Union was invalid and that the arbitral award resulting from the arbitration should therefore be declared invalid. The Court stated that arbitration clauses in investment agreements between two member states constitute an agreement to remove a dispute concerning the interpretation and application of Union law from the court system that the Union built up through its treaties. Therefore, such a clause contravenes Articles 267 and 344 TEU and undermines the autonomy of the EU legal order.

The ruling sent shock waves throughout the EU, but left many questions open to interpretation.... (More)
In C-284/16 Achmea, the European Court of Justice ruled that an arbitration clause in a bilateral investment treaty between two member states of the European Union was invalid and that the arbitral award resulting from the arbitration should therefore be declared invalid. The Court stated that arbitration clauses in investment agreements between two member states constitute an agreement to remove a dispute concerning the interpretation and application of Union law from the court system that the Union built up through its treaties. Therefore, such a clause contravenes Articles 267 and 344 TEU and undermines the autonomy of the EU legal order.

The ruling sent shock waves throughout the EU, but left many questions open to interpretation. It has now been five years since the judgment was handed down and the EU Court of Justice has both strengthened and clarified the precedent that was introduced in Achmea. It is clear that the principles from Achmea are not only to be applied in cases where the circumstances are directly comparable to those in Achmea, but that the precedent has a wide scope in its applicability. Through the Komstroy judgment, the European Court of Justice has made it clear that intra-EU investment disputes under the multilateral Energy Charter Treaty shall not be resolved by arbitration, and that the treaty's arbitration clause is invalid between the Union's member states.

After Achmea and Komstroy, the institutions of the EU have been working to dissolve all intra-EU BITs, and to modernize the Energy Charter Treaty to make it compatible with the EU legal order. The dissolution of intra-EU BITs was effective, but the EU failed to gain sufficient support for its modernization proposal and the future of the Energy Charter Treaty is therefore still uncertain. Several of the EU's member states have expressed their intentions to leave the treaty. There are strong signs that the EU Commission plans to propose to the member states to leave the treaty in a coordinated manner, something the EU Parliament has encouraged. The Commission's official stance is still that they are working to get their modernization proposal passed, but a change in the Commission's stance is expected in 2023.

In the PL Holdings judgment, the European Court of Justice confirmed the strength of the precedent rule from Achmea when they ruled that an ad hoc arbitration agreement, with identical wording as an invalid arbitration clause between two Member States and which was entered into in order to be able to enforce the invalid clause, is also invalid. In practice, this means that the precedent rule in Achmea overrules § 34, section two, in the Swedish Arbitration Act and that the general preclusion rule in Swedish law cannot be used to exclude an investment dispute from the EU legal order. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sänneskog, Philip LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Arbitration in intra-EU investment disputes
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, internationell privat- och processrätt, Skiljeförfarande, Achmea, Komstroy, PL Holdings, Investeringsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9115894
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 12:10:54
date last changed
2023-06-08 12:10:54
@misc{9115894,
  abstract     = {{In C-284/16 Achmea, the European Court of Justice ruled that an arbitration clause in a bilateral investment treaty between two member states of the European Union was invalid and that the arbitral award resulting from the arbitration should therefore be declared invalid. The Court stated that arbitration clauses in investment agreements between two member states constitute an agreement to remove a dispute concerning the interpretation and application of Union law from the court system that the Union built up through its treaties. Therefore, such a clause contravenes Articles 267 and 344 TEU and undermines the autonomy of the EU legal order.

The ruling sent shock waves throughout the EU, but left many questions open to interpretation. It has now been five years since the judgment was handed down and the EU Court of Justice has both strengthened and clarified the precedent that was introduced in Achmea. It is clear that the principles from Achmea are not only to be applied in cases where the circumstances are directly comparable to those in Achmea, but that the precedent has a wide scope in its applicability. Through the Komstroy judgment, the European Court of Justice has made it clear that intra-EU investment disputes under the multilateral Energy Charter Treaty shall not be resolved by arbitration, and that the treaty's arbitration clause is invalid between the Union's member states.

After Achmea and Komstroy, the institutions of the EU have been working to dissolve all intra-EU BITs, and to modernize the Energy Charter Treaty to make it compatible with the EU legal order. The dissolution of intra-EU BITs was effective, but the EU failed to gain sufficient support for its modernization proposal and the future of the Energy Charter Treaty is therefore still uncertain. Several of the EU's member states have expressed their intentions to leave the treaty. There are strong signs that the EU Commission plans to propose to the member states to leave the treaty in a coordinated manner, something the EU Parliament has encouraged. The Commission's official stance is still that they are working to get their modernization proposal passed, but a change in the Commission's stance is expected in 2023.

In the PL Holdings judgment, the European Court of Justice confirmed the strength of the precedent rule from Achmea when they ruled that an ad hoc arbitration agreement, with identical wording as an invalid arbitration clause between two Member States and which was entered into in order to be able to enforce the invalid clause, is also invalid. In practice, this means that the precedent rule in Achmea overrules § 34, section two, in the Swedish Arbitration Act and that the general preclusion rule in Swedish law cannot be used to exclude an investment dispute from the EU legal order.}},
  author       = {{Sänneskog, Philip}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skiljeförfaranden vid EU-interna investeringstvister - En analys av rättslägets utveckling efter domen C-284/16 Achmea}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}