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Återkrav av överdebiteringar - En studie om passivitet och condictio indebiti

Lindström, Jonathan LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
When someone has overpaid in the mistaken belief that there was an obliga-tion to pay, the doctrine of condictio indebiti comes into play. For the princi-ples to be applicable, the payment must have no legal basis. A legal basis for the payment exists if there is a contractual basis for it, or if the payment con-stituted a disposition.
The general rule of condictio indebiti is that the payment must be returned. However, in some cases, a payee may be entitled to retain a payment without a legal basis. There are three requisites. The payee must have received and subsequently adapted to the payment in good faith. Furthermore, in the light of a general assessment of the parties’ interests, it must appear to be justified that the payer's right... (More)
When someone has overpaid in the mistaken belief that there was an obliga-tion to pay, the doctrine of condictio indebiti comes into play. For the princi-ples to be applicable, the payment must have no legal basis. A legal basis for the payment exists if there is a contractual basis for it, or if the payment con-stituted a disposition.
The general rule of condictio indebiti is that the payment must be returned. However, in some cases, a payee may be entitled to retain a payment without a legal basis. There are three requisites. The payee must have received and subsequently adapted to the payment in good faith. Furthermore, in the light of a general assessment of the parties’ interests, it must appear to be justified that the payer's right of repayment should fail. Examples of circumstances that may be significant in this assessment of interests are which of the parties was able to oversee the situation at the time of payment, and whether any of the parties acted negligently.
The principles of condictio indebiti allow for an assessment that considers the interests of both parties. However, there are other rules that may affect a pay-er's right of repayment. If the payer delays too long with his repayment claim, the right of repayment may be lost according to the general principles of pas-sivity. This paper discusses if and when such passivity effects can occur, and how they relate to the principles of condictio indebiti.
In exceptional cases, a contracting party who is passive may be bound by his passivity. The passivity then gives rise to the creation, modification, or can-cellation of a contractual relationship (contractual effect). As a starting point, the passivity must be interpreted as a legal act in order for it to have contrac-tual effect. The justified reliance of the non-passive party is crucial to the question of whether a legal act exists. The question of whether a party can be considered to have waived its rights under the contract also requires the knowledge of the waiving party. Thus, in an overcharge situation, the recipi-ent must have a justified reliance that the payer has waived his right and the payer must have knowledge of the overcharge.
However, according to substantive norms of passivity, passivity may also be regarded as an independent legal fact. The distinction between passivity as a legal act (subjective passivity effect) and passivity as an independent legal fact (objective passivity effect) is upheld in the legal literature.
In "Svartöns pris" NJA 2022 s. 3, the Supreme Court stated that a claimant can lose his right of repayment due to passivity. The Court cited statements in previous rulings regarding the obligation to notify the counterparty that a claim is being asserted. Upon failure to comply with this obligation, the claim is lost. Such a duty may exist when a party knows that the other party is establishing himself in reliance on an erroneous legal assessment, when a party has given the other party the impression that he has surrendered his right or when a party has failed to assert his right for a very long time. When both parties are unaware of a deviant contractual practice, it is crucial which of the parties is closest to bearing the risk of its negative consequences.
The situations in which the application of the passivity principles and condic-tio indebiti would lead to different conclusions seem to be rare. The time lag between payment and recovery is of central importance for the adaption re-quirement. The passivity of the claimant may also be relevant for the assess-ment of interests. The good faith of the payee is crucial to condictio indebiti, but typically also to the passivity rules. The risk allocation rule mentioned in the paragraph above prescribe an assessment very similar to the assessment of interests.
If Article 47 of the Sale of Goods Act (1990:931) is directly or analogously applicable to the type of contract, the payer must make a claim against an invoice. In the absence of a complaint, the payer suffers evidentiary disad-vantages. A payer's passivity can thus affect his actual chances of success with a recovery, even if the right to repayment as such has not been lost. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
När någon har betalat ett för stort belopp i den felaktiga tron att det fanns en betalningsskyldighet aktualiseras läran om condictio indebiti. För att princi-perna ska kunna tillämpas krävs att betalningen saknar rättsgrund. En rätts-grund för betalningen föreligger om det finns en avtalsrättslig grund för den, eller om betalningen utgjort en disposition.
Huvudregeln enligt condictio indebiti är att betalningen ska gå åter. I vissa fall kan en mottagare emellertid ha rätt att behålla en betalning utan rätts-grund, enligt undantagsregeln. Tre krav uppställs. Mottagaren ska ha varit i god tro vid betalningstillfället och inrättat sig efter den. Vidare ska det mot bakgrund av en övergripande intresseavvägning framstå som motiverat att... (More)
När någon har betalat ett för stort belopp i den felaktiga tron att det fanns en betalningsskyldighet aktualiseras läran om condictio indebiti. För att princi-perna ska kunna tillämpas krävs att betalningen saknar rättsgrund. En rätts-grund för betalningen föreligger om det finns en avtalsrättslig grund för den, eller om betalningen utgjort en disposition.
Huvudregeln enligt condictio indebiti är att betalningen ska gå åter. I vissa fall kan en mottagare emellertid ha rätt att behålla en betalning utan rätts-grund, enligt undantagsregeln. Tre krav uppställs. Mottagaren ska ha varit i god tro vid betalningstillfället och inrättat sig efter den. Vidare ska det mot bakgrund av en övergripande intresseavvägning framstå som motiverat att betalarens återkravsrätt ska falla. Exempel på omständigheter som kan få be-tydelse vid intresseavvägningen är vem av parterna som kunnat överblicka situationen vid betalningen, samt om någon av parterna förfarit oaktsamt.
Principerna om condictio indebiti möjliggör en bedömning som tar hänsyn till båda parternas intressen. Det finns dock andra regler som kan påverka en betalares återkravsrätt. Om betalaren dröjer för länge med sitt återkrav finns en risk att återkravsrätten faller enligt allmänna passivitetsgrundsatser. Den här uppsatsen diskuterar om och när sådana passivitetsverkningar kan inträda, samt hur de förhåller sig till principerna om condictio indebiti.
En kontrahent eller avtalspart som förhåller sig passiv kan i undantagsfall bli bunden genom sin passivitet. Passiviteten ger då upphov till uppkomst, för-ändring eller upphävande av ett avtalsförhållande (avtalsverkan). Som ut-gångspunkt krävs att passiviteten kan tolkas som en rättshandling för att den ska medföra avtalsverkan. Den icke-passive partens befogade tillit är central för frågan om en rättshandling föreligger. När det är fråga om en part kan anses ha eftergett sin rätt enligt avtalet ställs även ett krav på den eftergivande partens insikt. I en överdebiteringssituation krävs alltså dels att mottagaren har fog för sin tillit till att betalaren eftergett sin rätt, dels att betalaren har kunskap om överdebiteringen.
Enligt materiella passivitetsnormer kan passivitet emellertid få betydelse även som ett självständigt rättsfaktum. I doktrinen görs en åtskillnad mellan passivitet som rättshandling (subjektiv passivitetsverkan) och passivitet som självständigt rättsfaktum (objektiv passivitetsverkan).
I ”Svartöns pris” NJA 2022 s. 3 uttalade Högsta domstolen (HD) att en beta-lare kan förlora sin rätt till återbetalning på grund av passivitet. HD hänvisade till uttalanden i tidigare avgöranden, om när det kan finnas en plikt att med-dela motparten om att anspråk görs gällande. En sådan plikt finns när en part vet att motparten inrättar sig på visst sätt i förlitan på en felaktig rättslig be-dömning, när en part har gett motparten intrycket att han har eftergivit sin
rätt eller när en part under mycket lång tid underlåtit att göra sin rätt gäl-lande. När båda parterna är ovetande om en avvikande avtalstillämpning är det avgörande vilken av parterna som är närmast att bära risken för de ne-gativa konsekvenserna av den.
Situationerna då en tillämpning av passivitetsreglerna och condictio indebiti skulle leda till olika slutsatser synes vara sällsynta. Tidsutdräkten mellan be-talning och återkrav är av central betydelse för inrättandekravet. Betalarens passivitet kan även vara relevant för intresseavvägningen. Att mottagaren har varit i god tro är centralt för condictio indebiti, men typiskt sett också för passivitetsreglerna. Den riskfördelningsregel som nämns i stycket ovan påminner mycket om intresseavvägningen.
Om 47 § köplagen (1990:931) är direkt eller analogvis tillämplig på avtals-typen måste betalaren reklamera mot en faktura. Vid underlåten reklamation lider betalaren bevismässiga nackdelar. En betalares passivitet kan alltså på-verka dennes faktiska möjligheter att nå framgång med ett återkrav även om rätten till återbetalning som sådan inte har fallit. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lindström, Jonathan LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Recovery of overpayments - A study on passivity and condictio indebiti
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
avtalsrätt, fordringsrätt, condictio indebiti
language
Swedish
id
9116029
date added to LUP
2023-06-12 11:49:03
date last changed
2023-06-12 11:49:03
@misc{9116029,
  abstract     = {{When someone has overpaid in the mistaken belief that there was an obliga-tion to pay, the doctrine of condictio indebiti comes into play. For the princi-ples to be applicable, the payment must have no legal basis. A legal basis for the payment exists if there is a contractual basis for it, or if the payment con-stituted a disposition.
The general rule of condictio indebiti is that the payment must be returned. However, in some cases, a payee may be entitled to retain a payment without a legal basis. There are three requisites. The payee must have received and subsequently adapted to the payment in good faith. Furthermore, in the light of a general assessment of the parties’ interests, it must appear to be justified that the payer's right of repayment should fail. Examples of circumstances that may be significant in this assessment of interests are which of the parties was able to oversee the situation at the time of payment, and whether any of the parties acted negligently.
The principles of condictio indebiti allow for an assessment that considers the interests of both parties. However, there are other rules that may affect a pay-er's right of repayment. If the payer delays too long with his repayment claim, the right of repayment may be lost according to the general principles of pas-sivity. This paper discusses if and when such passivity effects can occur, and how they relate to the principles of condictio indebiti.
In exceptional cases, a contracting party who is passive may be bound by his passivity. The passivity then gives rise to the creation, modification, or can-cellation of a contractual relationship (contractual effect). As a starting point, the passivity must be interpreted as a legal act in order for it to have contrac-tual effect. The justified reliance of the non-passive party is crucial to the question of whether a legal act exists. The question of whether a party can be considered to have waived its rights under the contract also requires the knowledge of the waiving party. Thus, in an overcharge situation, the recipi-ent must have a justified reliance that the payer has waived his right and the payer must have knowledge of the overcharge.
However, according to substantive norms of passivity, passivity may also be regarded as an independent legal fact. The distinction between passivity as a legal act (subjective passivity effect) and passivity as an independent legal fact (objective passivity effect) is upheld in the legal literature.
In "Svartöns pris" NJA 2022 s. 3, the Supreme Court stated that a claimant can lose his right of repayment due to passivity. The Court cited statements in previous rulings regarding the obligation to notify the counterparty that a claim is being asserted. Upon failure to comply with this obligation, the claim is lost. Such a duty may exist when a party knows that the other party is establishing himself in reliance on an erroneous legal assessment, when a party has given the other party the impression that he has surrendered his right or when a party has failed to assert his right for a very long time. When both parties are unaware of a deviant contractual practice, it is crucial which of the parties is closest to bearing the risk of its negative consequences.
The situations in which the application of the passivity principles and condic-tio indebiti would lead to different conclusions seem to be rare. The time lag between payment and recovery is of central importance for the adaption re-quirement. The passivity of the claimant may also be relevant for the assess-ment of interests. The good faith of the payee is crucial to condictio indebiti, but typically also to the passivity rules. The risk allocation rule mentioned in the paragraph above prescribe an assessment very similar to the assessment of interests.
If Article 47 of the Sale of Goods Act (1990:931) is directly or analogously applicable to the type of contract, the payer must make a claim against an invoice. In the absence of a complaint, the payer suffers evidentiary disad-vantages. A payer's passivity can thus affect his actual chances of success with a recovery, even if the right to repayment as such has not been lost.}},
  author       = {{Lindström, Jonathan}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Återkrav av överdebiteringar - En studie om passivitet och condictio indebiti}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}