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Om Delikatessjäv och resning - Särskilt om möjligheterna att väcka talan till men för den tilltalade

Bengtsson, Lisa LU (2023) LAGF03 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sverige är en rättsstat som bygger på många olika principer för att kunna för-säkra ett fungerade rättsväsende. En viktig sådan är principen om domens orubblighet. De domar som en domstol meddelar ska stå fast när dessa vunnit laga kraft, vilket kallas för en doms negativa rättskraft. Vidare har de mänsk-liga rättigheterna som inkorporerats i svensk lagstiftning genom EKMR en stor plats vid lagstiftningen. EKMR ska även beaktas när lagen tillämpas i praktiken samt när domar meddelas. En av de mänskliga rättigheterna som denna uppsats tar sikte på är varje individs rätt till en rättvis rättegång framför en opartisk och oavhängig domstol enligt art. 6.1 EKMR. Det är många aspekter som ska tas hänsyn till för att en domstol ska anses vara... (More)
Sverige är en rättsstat som bygger på många olika principer för att kunna för-säkra ett fungerade rättsväsende. En viktig sådan är principen om domens orubblighet. De domar som en domstol meddelar ska stå fast när dessa vunnit laga kraft, vilket kallas för en doms negativa rättskraft. Vidare har de mänsk-liga rättigheterna som inkorporerats i svensk lagstiftning genom EKMR en stor plats vid lagstiftningen. EKMR ska även beaktas när lagen tillämpas i praktiken samt när domar meddelas. En av de mänskliga rättigheterna som denna uppsats tar sikte på är varje individs rätt till en rättvis rättegång framför en opartisk och oavhängig domstol enligt art. 6.1 EKMR. Det är många aspekter som ska tas hänsyn till för att en domstol ska anses vara opartisk och oavhängig. En viktig beståndsdel är att en domare inte ska oberättigat förför-dela en part eller ge denna fördelar. En domare ska således inte kunna anses vara jävig i förhållande till parterna i målet.
Vidare är det viktigt för rättsväsendet att samhället och medborgarna har tillit till myndigheten och att medborgarna har en vilja att följa de beslut och domar som domstolarna meddelar. För att upprätthålla denna tillit ingår det i en do-marens arbete att kunna stå till svars för sina beslut i ett ärende eller i en dom samt att inte utsätta parter i ett mål för en jävssituation. Vad som utgör en eventuell jävsituation mellan domare och eventuella parter är inte alltid givet. Det finns en gråzon vid delikatessjäv som är svår att navigera och kan leda till att domare väljer att ta det säkra före det osäkra. Det är en objektiv betraktares bedömning som ligger till grund om jäv kan anses föreligga eller inte och det är inte alltid så att en domare meddelar en potentiell jävssituation utan väljer att döma i målet ändå. Detta sker möjligen för att domaren själv inte anser att nå-gon jävsituation föreligger.
Då domens negativa rättskraft och orubblighet är stark i Sverige behövs det en säkerhetsventil för de fall en möjlig jävsituation har uppdagats, domen har vunnit laga kraft och principen om domens orubblighet har trätt in. Det är i dessa fall vi har rättsinstitutet resning som är ett särskilt rättsmedel. Resning till förmån för den tilltalade och till men för den tilltalade skiljer sig åt och har sin grund i rättssäkerhetsprincipen om att hellre fria än att fälla. Det är idag inte möjligt att begära resning till men för den tilltalade på grund av domarjäv. Motiveringen till syftet med lagen är att det inte är humant att en friad person ständigt ska leva i rädsla att en sak på nytt ska kunna bli prövad efter att den blivit slutligt avgjord. Det anses inte heller vara processekonomiskt fördelakt-igt. Om det uppdagas att en domare har varit jävig efter att en dom vunnit laga kraft har idag en åklagare ingen möjlighet att överklaga domen genom resning. Att denna möjlighet saknas visar att lagstiftaren har fokuserat på den tilltalades perspektiv och inte ett potentiellt brottsoffers perspektiv. Lagstiftningen visar också på brister i upprätthållandet av likhetsprincipen efter att en dom vinner laga kraft. (Less)
Abstract
Sweden is a state governed by the rule of law, and is based on many different principles in order to ensure a functioning justice system. An important prin-ciple is that the rulings from the courts should be adamant, also known as the principle of firmness. The ruling of the court shall stand when it has gained legal force and this is also known as the negative legal force of a judgment. The human rights incorporated through the ECHR into Swedish law also have an important place in the legislation, not only when it comes to writing new laws but also when it comes to practical application of the law and also the ruling of the courts. One of the human rights that this essay focuses on is the right for every individual to have a fair trial... (More)
Sweden is a state governed by the rule of law, and is based on many different principles in order to ensure a functioning justice system. An important prin-ciple is that the rulings from the courts should be adamant, also known as the principle of firmness. The ruling of the court shall stand when it has gained legal force and this is also known as the negative legal force of a judgment. The human rights incorporated through the ECHR into Swedish law also have an important place in the legislation, not only when it comes to writing new laws but also when it comes to practical application of the law and also the ruling of the courts. One of the human rights that this essay focuses on is the right for every individual to have a fair trial before an impartial and independ-ent court according to art 6.1 ECHR. There is a lot that must be achieved for a court to be considered impartial and independent, but an important element is that a judge should not unfairly prejudice or give a party an advantage. In oth-er words, a judge must not be considered to be challengeable in relation to the parties in the case.
It is important for the judiciary that our society and citizens have trust in the authority and that the willingness to follow the decisions and judgments hand-ed down by the courts does not sway. In order to maintain this trust, it is part of a judge's work to be accountable for their decisions in a case or ruling judgment and also not expose the parties to a possible challengeable situation. What constitutes a possible challengeable situation between judges and possi-ble parties is not always black or white. There is a gray area that is difficult to navigate and judges usually choose to take the safe side before the uncertain. As it is the assessment of an objective observer that the basis of whether or not a judge can be considered challengeable, it is not always that a judge an-nounces a potential challengeable situation, many times because the judge themself does not consider that such a situation exists.
As the judgment's negative legal force and the principle of firmness is so strong in Sweden, a safety valve is needed in cases where a possible chal-lengeable situation occurred, the judgment has gained legal force and the prin-ciple of firmness has come into effect. It is in these cases that we have the possibility to apply for relief for a substantive defect, a review, which is an extraordinary remedy. The possibilities to apply for a review in favor of the accused versus a review against the accused vary and the difference relay on the principle of legal certainty that it is better to acquit ten guilty than to con-vict one innocent. Today, it is not possible to request a review against the ac-cused when there is a possible challengeable situation, this is only possible in favor of the accused. The justification for the purpose of the law is that it is not humane that a person found not guilty should constantly live in fear that a case may be retried after it has been decided, nor is it considered to be eco-nomically advantageous. Today if a judge possibly has been challengeable and it is discovered after a judgment has become legally binding, a prosecutor has no opportunity to request a review. The lack of this type of opportunity for the prosecutor shows that there has been a great focus on the defendant and not on crime victims during the legislative process. The legislation also shows shortcomings in the enforcement of the principle of equality after the delivery of a legally binding judgement. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Bengtsson, Lisa LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20231
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Processrätt, EU-rätt, Straffrätt
language
Swedish
id
9116082
date added to LUP
2023-06-29 09:21:22
date last changed
2023-06-29 09:21:22
@misc{9116082,
  abstract     = {{Sweden is a state governed by the rule of law, and is based on many different principles in order to ensure a functioning justice system. An important prin-ciple is that the rulings from the courts should be adamant, also known as the principle of firmness. The ruling of the court shall stand when it has gained legal force and this is also known as the negative legal force of a judgment. The human rights incorporated through the ECHR into Swedish law also have an important place in the legislation, not only when it comes to writing new laws but also when it comes to practical application of the law and also the ruling of the courts. One of the human rights that this essay focuses on is the right for every individual to have a fair trial before an impartial and independ-ent court according to art 6.1 ECHR. There is a lot that must be achieved for a court to be considered impartial and independent, but an important element is that a judge should not unfairly prejudice or give a party an advantage. In oth-er words, a judge must not be considered to be challengeable in relation to the parties in the case.
It is important for the judiciary that our society and citizens have trust in the authority and that the willingness to follow the decisions and judgments hand-ed down by the courts does not sway. In order to maintain this trust, it is part of a judge's work to be accountable for their decisions in a case or ruling judgment and also not expose the parties to a possible challengeable situation. What constitutes a possible challengeable situation between judges and possi-ble parties is not always black or white. There is a gray area that is difficult to navigate and judges usually choose to take the safe side before the uncertain. As it is the assessment of an objective observer that the basis of whether or not a judge can be considered challengeable, it is not always that a judge an-nounces a potential challengeable situation, many times because the judge themself does not consider that such a situation exists.
As the judgment's negative legal force and the principle of firmness is so strong in Sweden, a safety valve is needed in cases where a possible chal-lengeable situation occurred, the judgment has gained legal force and the prin-ciple of firmness has come into effect. It is in these cases that we have the possibility to apply for relief for a substantive defect, a review, which is an extraordinary remedy. The possibilities to apply for a review in favor of the accused versus a review against the accused vary and the difference relay on the principle of legal certainty that it is better to acquit ten guilty than to con-vict one innocent. Today, it is not possible to request a review against the ac-cused when there is a possible challengeable situation, this is only possible in favor of the accused. The justification for the purpose of the law is that it is not humane that a person found not guilty should constantly live in fear that a case may be retried after it has been decided, nor is it considered to be eco-nomically advantageous. Today if a judge possibly has been challengeable and it is discovered after a judgment has become legally binding, a prosecutor has no opportunity to request a review. The lack of this type of opportunity for the prosecutor shows that there has been a great focus on the defendant and not on crime victims during the legislative process. The legislation also shows shortcomings in the enforcement of the principle of equality after the delivery of a legally binding judgement.}},
  author       = {{Bengtsson, Lisa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Om Delikatessjäv och resning - Särskilt om möjligheterna att väcka talan till men för den tilltalade}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}