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Hållbarhetsredovisning som marknadsföringsverktyg – En undersökning av de marknadsföringsrättsliga konsekvenserna av företagens hållbarhetsredovisning

Sthen, Saga LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Environmental and climate issues are becoming increasingly relevant in society. Both consumers and companies, as well as international organizations are placing greater focus on these issues. For example, companies often use environmental claims in their marketing, making statements that create the impression that a product has a positive impact, no impact or a lesser impact on the environment compared to other products. Additionally, it is increasingly common for companies to report on the social, economic, and environmental aspects of their operations, either on a voluntary or mandatory basis. Therefore, companies engage in sustainability reporting. Various regulations come into play when it comes to communicating environmental and... (More)
Environmental and climate issues are becoming increasingly relevant in society. Both consumers and companies, as well as international organizations are placing greater focus on these issues. For example, companies often use environmental claims in their marketing, making statements that create the impression that a product has a positive impact, no impact or a lesser impact on the environment compared to other products. Additionally, it is increasingly common for companies to report on the social, economic, and environmental aspects of their operations, either on a voluntary or mandatory basis. Therefore, companies engage in sustainability reporting. Various regulations come into play when it comes to communicating environmental and climate-related information. Two of these are the Marketing Act, which prohibits unfair marketing, and the Annual Reports Act, which requires a certain designated group of companies to disclose information about their sustainability efforts. This thesis aims to examine the interaction between these two sets of regulations and, more specifically, address the question of whether the rules on sustainability reporting can have marketing law consequences.

The Marketing Act does not contain specific rules regarding the marketing of environmental claims. Instead, environmental claims are evaluated against the general rules on unfair marketing in the Marketing Act. In addition to the Marketing Act, the ICC Advertising and Marketing Communications Code (the ICC Code) is of importance regarding environmental claims in marketing. For both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code to be applicable, a marketing measure must be produced with a commercial, or promotional, purpose. Both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code place high demands on marketing measures to be truthful, clear, and provide an accurate representation. Marketing, therefore, must be reliable.

A certain group of larger companies is obligated to report on their sustainability efforts in a sustainability report. The requirements for sustainability reporting according to the Swedish Annual Reports Act are that the information should be material, meaning it is fair, balanced, and relevant. In 2019, the EU presented the Green Deal, which is the EU's roadmap and strategy for transitioning to a circular economy. As part of the Green Deal, the EU has adopted a new directive, CSRD, which regulates in more detail how companies should conduct their sustainability reporting. The directive has not yet been incorporated into Swedish law. CSRD also prescribes that the disclosed sustainability information must be material, but also imposes a requirement for the information to be audited by an independent third party. In connection with CSRD, the EU will shortly adopt common reporting standards that all reporting companies are obliged to follow.

A first step in the analysis of this thesis is to examine whether there is an overlap in the scope of both regulations. The Annual Reports Act and CSRD are applicable to a certain designated group of larger companies. For the Marketing Act and the ICC Code, it instead concerns whether a presentation has been made for commercial purposes. Decisive factors for assessing the commercial purpose include whether the presentation has a specific sales message, and whether it affects the demand for the company's products. When a marketing claim relates to a company's sustainability efforts in general, and lacks a clear connection to a specific product, it is somewhat less clear whether the claim was made for commercial purposes. However, the Market Courts have repeatedly emphasized that environmental claims have a significant commercial value in themselves, due to consumers’ increasing environmental awareness. This suggests that even more general descriptions of a company's sustainability efforts should be considered to have been made for commercial purposes. If claims in a sustainability report are considered to have a commercial purpose, the sustainability reporting can have the marketing law consequence of the content being subject to review under the Marketing Act.

The requirements for the information that may and must be communicated differ between the sustainability reporting rules and the marketing regulations. Both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code place a high burden of truthfulness and reliability on environmental claims in marketing. According to the Annual Reports Act, however, the disclosed sustainability information should instead be material. The quality and truthfulness of the disclosed information currently depend on the company's willingness to be transparent. The requirements in the Annual Reports Act cannot be said to be aligned with the high standards of truthfulness applied in marketing law. With the introduction of CSRD, sustainability reporting will follow specifically designated standards and, in addition, be audited by an independent third party. This reduces the risk of environmental claims in sustainability reporting being deemed unreliable under the Marketing Act. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Miljö- och klimatfrågor blir alltmer aktuella i samhället. Såväl konsumenter som företag och internationella organisationer lägger större fokus på dessa frågor. Exempelvis använder företag ofta miljöpåståenden i sin marknadsföring, det vill säga påståenden som skapar intrycket att en produkt har en positiv inverkan, saknar inverkan eller har en mindre inverkan på miljön än andra produkter. Därtill blir det allt vanligare för företag att, antingen på frivillig eller tvingande basis, redovisa sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga delar av företagets verksamhet. Företag ägnar sig alltså åt hållbarhetsredovisning. I fråga om förmedlande av miljö- och klimatrelaterad information aktualiseras en mängd regelverk. Två av dessa är MFL, som... (More)
Miljö- och klimatfrågor blir alltmer aktuella i samhället. Såväl konsumenter som företag och internationella organisationer lägger större fokus på dessa frågor. Exempelvis använder företag ofta miljöpåståenden i sin marknadsföring, det vill säga påståenden som skapar intrycket att en produkt har en positiv inverkan, saknar inverkan eller har en mindre inverkan på miljön än andra produkter. Därtill blir det allt vanligare för företag att, antingen på frivillig eller tvingande basis, redovisa sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga delar av företagets verksamhet. Företag ägnar sig alltså åt hållbarhetsredovisning. I fråga om förmedlande av miljö- och klimatrelaterad information aktualiseras en mängd regelverk. Två av dessa är MFL, som föreskriver att marknadsföring inte får vara otillbörlig, och ÅRL som ålägger en viss angiven grupp företag att redovisa information om sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka samspelet mellan dessa två regelverk, och närmare bestämt besvara frågan om huruvida reglerna om hållbarhetsredovisning kan få marknadsföringsrättsliga konsekvenser.

MFL innehåller inga specifika regler om marknadsföring av miljöpåståenden. Istället görs en bedömning av miljöpåståenden mot de generella reglerna om otillbörlig marknadsföring i MFL. Utöver MFL är ICC-koden av betydelse avseende miljöpåstående i marknadsföring. För att såväl MFL som ICC-koden ska bli tillämpliga krävs att en marknadsföringsåtgärd är framställd i kommersiellt, eller avsättningsfrämjande, syfte. Både MFL och ICC-koden ställer höga krav på att marknadsföringsåtgärder ska vara sanna, tydliga och ge en rättvisande bild. Marknadsföring ska alltså vara vederhäftig.

En viss grupp större företag är skyldiga att redovisa sitt hållbarhetsarbete i en hållbarhetsrapport. De krav som ställs på hållbarhetsredovisningen enligt ÅRL är att informationen väsentlig, det vill säga rättvisande, balanserad och relevant. År 2019 presenterade EU den gröna given, vilket är EU:s färdplan och strategi för att ställa om till en cirkulär ekonomi. Inom ramen för den gröna given har EU antagit ett nytt direktiv, CSRD, som på ett mer detaljerat sätt reglerar hur företag ska genomföra sin hållbarhetsredovisning. Direktivet är ännu inte införlivat i svensk rätt. Även CSRD föreskriver att hållbarhetsinformationen som redovisas ska vara väsentlig, men föreskriver även ett krav på att informationen ska granskas av en oberoende tredje part. I samband med CSRD kommer EU, inom kort, anta gemensamma standarder för rapportering som samtliga rapporterande företag åläggs att följa.

Ett första steg i uppsatsens analys är att undersöka huruvida de båda regelverkens tillämpningsområden överlappar. ÅRL och CSRD är tillämpliga för en viss angiven grupp större företag. För MFL och ICC-koden handlar det istället om att en framställning ska ha gjorts i kommersiellt syfte. Avgörande faktorer för att bedöma det kommersiella syftet är om framställningen har ett konkret säljbudskap, och om framställningen har en påverkan på efterfrågan av företagets produkter. När ett marknadsföringspåstående rör ett företags hållbarhetsarbete i allmänhet, och saknar tydlig koppling till en specifik produkt är det något otydligare huruvida påståendet gjorts i kommersiellt syfte. Marknadsdomstolarna har dock upprepade gånger understrukit att miljöpåståenden har ett betydande kommersiellt värde i sig, på grund av att konsumenter blir alltmer miljömedvetna, vilket pekar mot att även mer allmänna beskrivningar av ett företags hållbarhetsarbete bör kunna bedömas göras i kommersiellt syfte. I det fall påståenden i en hållbarhetsrapport anses ha ett kommersiellt syfte får hållbarhetsredovisningen den marknads¬föringsrättsliga konsekvensen att innehållet kan bli föremål för prövning enligt MFL.

Kraven på vilken information som får och ska förmedlas skiljer sig åt mellan reglerna om hållbarhetsredovisning och marknadsföringsreglerna. Enligt både MFL och ICC-koden ställs ett högt vederhäftighetskrav på miljöpåståenden i marknads¬föring. Enligt ÅRL ska den redovisade hållbarhetsinformationen istället vara väsentlig. Den redovisade informationens kvalitet och sanningsenlighet blir i nuläget beroende av företagets vilja att vara transparent. Kraven i ÅRL kan därför inte sägas ligga i linje med de höga vederhäftighetskrav som gäller enligt marknadsföringsrätten. I och med CSRD ska hållbarhetsredovisningen följa specifikt utpekade standarder och därutöver granskas av en oberoende tredje part. Detta minskar risken för att miljöpåståenden i en hållbarhets-redovisning får den marknadsföringsrättsliga konsekvensen att de bedöms som ovederhäftiga enligt MFL. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sthen, Saga LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Sustainability reporting as a marketing tool – An examination of the marketing law implications of corporate sustainability reporting
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, associationsrätt, marknadsföringsrätt, miljöpåståenden, hållbarhetsredovisning
language
Swedish
id
9116126
date added to LUP
2023-06-16 11:30:16
date last changed
2023-06-16 11:30:16
@misc{9116126,
  abstract     = {{Environmental and climate issues are becoming increasingly relevant in society. Both consumers and companies, as well as international organizations are placing greater focus on these issues. For example, companies often use environmental claims in their marketing, making statements that create the impression that a product has a positive impact, no impact or a lesser impact on the environment compared to other products. Additionally, it is increasingly common for companies to report on the social, economic, and environmental aspects of their operations, either on a voluntary or mandatory basis. Therefore, companies engage in sustainability reporting. Various regulations come into play when it comes to communicating environmental and climate-related information. Two of these are the Marketing Act, which prohibits unfair marketing, and the Annual Reports Act, which requires a certain designated group of companies to disclose information about their sustainability efforts. This thesis aims to examine the interaction between these two sets of regulations and, more specifically, address the question of whether the rules on sustainability reporting can have marketing law consequences. 

The Marketing Act does not contain specific rules regarding the marketing of environmental claims. Instead, environmental claims are evaluated against the general rules on unfair marketing in the Marketing Act. In addition to the Marketing Act, the ICC Advertising and Marketing Communications Code (the ICC Code) is of importance regarding environmental claims in marketing. For both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code to be applicable, a marketing measure must be produced with a commercial, or promotional, purpose. Both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code place high demands on marketing measures to be truthful, clear, and provide an accurate representation. Marketing, therefore, must be reliable.

A certain group of larger companies is obligated to report on their sustainability efforts in a sustainability report. The requirements for sustainability reporting according to the Swedish Annual Reports Act are that the information should be material, meaning it is fair, balanced, and relevant. In 2019, the EU presented the Green Deal, which is the EU's roadmap and strategy for transitioning to a circular economy. As part of the Green Deal, the EU has adopted a new directive, CSRD, which regulates in more detail how companies should conduct their sustainability reporting. The directive has not yet been incorporated into Swedish law. CSRD also prescribes that the disclosed sustainability information must be material, but also imposes a requirement for the information to be audited by an independent third party. In connection with CSRD, the EU will shortly adopt common reporting standards that all reporting companies are obliged to follow.

A first step in the analysis of this thesis is to examine whether there is an overlap in the scope of both regulations. The Annual Reports Act and CSRD are applicable to a certain designated group of larger companies. For the Marketing Act and the ICC Code, it instead concerns whether a presentation has been made for commercial purposes. Decisive factors for assessing the commercial purpose include whether the presentation has a specific sales message, and whether it affects the demand for the company's products. When a marketing claim relates to a company's sustainability efforts in general, and lacks a clear connection to a specific product, it is somewhat less clear whether the claim was made for commercial purposes. However, the Market Courts have repeatedly emphasized that environmental claims have a significant commercial value in themselves, due to consumers’ increasing environmental awareness. This suggests that even more general descriptions of a company's sustainability efforts should be considered to have been made for commercial purposes. If claims in a sustainability report are considered to have a commercial purpose, the sustainability reporting can have the marketing law consequence of the content being subject to review under the Marketing Act. 

The requirements for the information that may and must be communicated differ between the sustainability reporting rules and the marketing regulations. Both the Marketing Act and the ICC Code place a high burden of truthfulness and reliability on environmental claims in marketing. According to the Annual Reports Act, however, the disclosed sustainability information should instead be material. The quality and truthfulness of the disclosed information currently depend on the company's willingness to be transparent. The requirements in the Annual Reports Act cannot be said to be aligned with the high standards of truthfulness applied in marketing law. With the introduction of CSRD, sustainability reporting will follow specifically designated standards and, in addition, be audited by an independent third party. This reduces the risk of environmental claims in sustainability reporting being deemed unreliable under the Marketing Act.}},
  author       = {{Sthen, Saga}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hållbarhetsredovisning som marknadsföringsverktyg – En undersökning av de marknadsföringsrättsliga konsekvenserna av företagens hållbarhetsredovisning}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}