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Låt den rätte komma in - En komparativ studie av australisk och svensk rätt avseende tredje mäns möjlighet att träda in i skiljeförfarande

Engholm, Viktor LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract
International commercial arbitrations are increasing by the numbers in the global economy. The arbitrations are often set on neutral ground in a neutral jurisdiction. Arbitrations are often held as one of the best methods of dispute resolution as they are effective, predictable and the parties can tailor the proceedings to their liking. This is especially advantageous when the legal relationship between parties and other actors are complex.
The global economy is growing and therefore more and more commercial agreements are involving multiple parties. More actors may have an interest in participating in an arbitration that they are not a contracting party of. But as a rule of thumb there must be a binding arbitration agreement for the... (More)
International commercial arbitrations are increasing by the numbers in the global economy. The arbitrations are often set on neutral ground in a neutral jurisdiction. Arbitrations are often held as one of the best methods of dispute resolution as they are effective, predictable and the parties can tailor the proceedings to their liking. This is especially advantageous when the legal relationship between parties and other actors are complex.
The global economy is growing and therefore more and more commercial agreements are involving multiple parties. More actors may have an interest in participating in an arbitration that they are not a contracting party of. But as a rule of thumb there must be a binding arbitration agreement for the actor to participate in the arbitration. This thesis examines how true this rule is and if there are any circumstances that can grant a non-signatory entry as a party to an arbitration.
Australia, who historically has not been seen as a prominent country for arbitration, has recently got a precedent, Rinehart v Hancock, that has expanded on the possibilities of which a non-signatory can grant access to an arbitration as a party. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the rules of arbitration in Australia and compare them to Swedish regulation to see if Sweden has something to learn from the Australian rules.
Regarding possibilities for third parties to enter arbitration the research has shown that there are mainly four possible ways of entry; the third party is within the subjective scope of the arbitration agreement; consolidation; necessary joinder of parties; the parties have referred to arbitrational insti-tutional rules that give access to third party joinder. Swedish and Australian have a lot of similarities regarding third party joinder, but some differences in the details of the regulations. The big difference lies with the subjective scope of the arbitration agreement where Australia, through Rinehart v Hancock, has expanded the scope to contain actors who may have the same claims or defences as an original party to the arbitration agreement. But the possibility of third party joinder comes with its set of problems. Problems regarding the compliance of the fundamental principles of arbitration, such as the principle of equality and the principle of party autonomy, and problems relating to more practical questions such as confidentiality, enforcement of arbitral awards and distribution of costs of the arbitration. The compliance with the fundamental right to a fair and public hearing can also be questioned if third parties are given the possibility to enter arbitration to the extent that this thesis suggests.
To give a more comprehensive comparison between Sweden and Australia it has been necessary to examine how the two countries solve the problems that arise from third party joinder. Even in this regard Sweden and Australia have a lot of similarities. For example, regarding the enforcement of arbitral awards, where Sweden and Australia have adopted the articles of the New York-convention. But some of the solutions are very different to each other. For example, regarding confidentiality Australia has taken legislative measures to ensure confidentiality, whiles Sweden has taken no such measures.
When answering the question regarding if some of the Australian rules can act as model for Swedish law it has been found that very few of the rules are suitable for the Swedish legal system. However, the Australian rules regarding confidentiality can beneficially be implemented into the Swedish legal system. The Australian arbitral rules have prioritized efficiency and costs whiles the Swedish rules have prioritized party autonomy and predictability. If the Australian rules would be implemented into the Swedish legal system, there is a risk that Sweden would not keep its reputation as a prominent country for arbitration. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Internationella skiljeförfaranden blir allt vanligare i den globala ekonomin. De sker ofta i neutral jurisdiktion där ingen av parterna, till synes, gynnas av vald jurisdiktions lagar. Skiljeförfaranden anses ofta som en av de bättre tvistelösningsformerna då de är effektiva, förutsebara och parterna får själva utforma förfarandena. Det är speciellt fördelaktigt om de rättsliga relationerna mellan parterna och eventuella andra aktörer är komplexa.
Den globala ekonomin växer och det innebär att kommersiella avtal i större utsträckning inte längre endast involverar två parter och aktörer. Fler och fler aktörer kan ha intresse av att delta i ett skiljeförfarande, men som huvudregel krävs ett skiljeavtal för att dessa ska ha möjlighet att... (More)
Internationella skiljeförfaranden blir allt vanligare i den globala ekonomin. De sker ofta i neutral jurisdiktion där ingen av parterna, till synes, gynnas av vald jurisdiktions lagar. Skiljeförfaranden anses ofta som en av de bättre tvistelösningsformerna då de är effektiva, förutsebara och parterna får själva utforma förfarandena. Det är speciellt fördelaktigt om de rättsliga relationerna mellan parterna och eventuella andra aktörer är komplexa.
Den globala ekonomin växer och det innebär att kommersiella avtal i större utsträckning inte längre endast involverar två parter och aktörer. Fler och fler aktörer kan ha intresse av att delta i ett skiljeförfarande, men som huvudregel krävs ett skiljeavtal för att dessa ska ha möjlighet att delta. Denna uppsats undersöker hur väl det här påståendet stämmer samt om det finns andra omständigheter som kan motivera att tredje män deltar i ett skiljeförfarande som part.
Australien, som på ett internationellt plan inte setts som ett framstående skiljedomsland, har relativt nyligen fått ett prejudikat, Rinehart v Hancock, som utvidgat möjligheter för tredje parter att delta i skiljeförfaranden. Därav har det varit av intresse att undersöka de regler som Australien har på området och jämföra med svensk reglering för att se om Sverige kan lära sig något av de australiska reglerna.
Undersökningen har visat att det främst finns fyra möjligheter för tredje män att delta i skiljeförfaranden: tredje männen ingår i den subjektiva omfattningen av skiljeavtalet; konsolidering; det föreligger nödvändig processgemenskap; parterna har hänvisat till skiljeinstituts regler som medger inträde. Det har visat sig att Sverige och Australien till stor del har många likheter vad gäller tredje mäns inträde, men att det i detaljregleringen kan skilja sig något. Den stora skillnaden föreligger i den subjektiva omfattningen av skiljeavtalet där Australien genom Rinehart v Hancock utvidgat den subjektiva omfattningen till att omfatta aktörer som har samma yrkanden eller försvar som en ursprunglig part till avtalet. Undersökningen har även visat att dessa möjligheter till inträde medför följdproblematik, både vad det gäller efterlevnad av skiljeförfarandets grundprinciper, som partsautonomi och likabehandling, men även mer praktiska problem som utseende av skiljemän, konfidentialitet, verkställighet av en skiljedom samt vem som ska stå för kostnaderna av förfarandet. Det kan även ifrågasättas om den grundläggande rätten till domstolsprövning efterlevs om tredje män ges möjlighet till inträde i den omfattning som undersökningen föreslår.
För att ge en mer heltäckande jämförelse mellan de två valda rättsordningarna har det varit nödvändigt att undersöka hur rättsordningarna löser problem till följd av ett inträde av tredje man. Även i det här avseendet liknar Sverige och Australiens lösningar på följdproblematiken i många delar varandra. Till exempel avseende skiljedomars verkställighet, där både Sverige och Australien inkorporerat New York-konventionens artiklar i sina respektive rättsordningar. Däremot finns det även stora skillnader, bland annat avseende konfidentialitet, där Australien har en lagstyrd konfidentialitetsförbindelse, medan Sverige valt att inte reglera det här över huvud taget.
Vid besvarandet av huruvida Sverige har att lära av Australiens regler har undersökningen visat att det är ytterst få regler som kan utgöra förebilder till svensk rätt. Australiska regler kring konfidentialitet är regler som med förmån kan implementeras i svensk rätt. De australiska reglerna har valt att prioritera effektivitet och processekonomi, medan de svenska har prioriterat partsautonomi och förutsebarhet. Skulle flertalet av de australiska reglerna bli del av svensk rättsordning föreligger risk för att Sverige inte kommer bibehålla sitt goda anseende på den internationella skiljemarknaden. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Engholm, Viktor LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Let the right one in - A comparative study of Australian and Swedish law regarding third party joinder in arbitration
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Arbitration, Skiljeförfarande, tredje man, third party, komparativ rätt, comparative law, Sweden, Australia, Sverige, Australien
language
Swedish
id
9116150
date added to LUP
2023-06-20 11:32:41
date last changed
2023-06-20 11:32:41
@misc{9116150,
  abstract     = {{International commercial arbitrations are increasing by the numbers in the global economy. The arbitrations are often set on neutral ground in a neutral jurisdiction. Arbitrations are often held as one of the best methods of dispute resolution as they are effective, predictable and the parties can tailor the proceedings to their liking. This is especially advantageous when the legal relationship between parties and other actors are complex.
The global economy is growing and therefore more and more commercial agreements are involving multiple parties. More actors may have an interest in participating in an arbitration that they are not a contracting party of. But as a rule of thumb there must be a binding arbitration agreement for the actor to participate in the arbitration. This thesis examines how true this rule is and if there are any circumstances that can grant a non-signatory entry as a party to an arbitration.
Australia, who historically has not been seen as a prominent country for arbitration, has recently got a precedent, Rinehart v Hancock, that has expanded on the possibilities of which a non-signatory can grant access to an arbitration as a party. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the rules of arbitration in Australia and compare them to Swedish regulation to see if Sweden has something to learn from the Australian rules.
Regarding possibilities for third parties to enter arbitration the research has shown that there are mainly four possible ways of entry; the third party is within the subjective scope of the arbitration agreement; consolidation; necessary joinder of parties; the parties have referred to arbitrational insti-tutional rules that give access to third party joinder. Swedish and Australian have a lot of similarities regarding third party joinder, but some differences in the details of the regulations. The big difference lies with the subjective scope of the arbitration agreement where Australia, through Rinehart v Hancock, has expanded the scope to contain actors who may have the same claims or defences as an original party to the arbitration agreement. But the possibility of third party joinder comes with its set of problems. Problems regarding the compliance of the fundamental principles of arbitration, such as the principle of equality and the principle of party autonomy, and problems relating to more practical questions such as confidentiality, enforcement of arbitral awards and distribution of costs of the arbitration. The compliance with the fundamental right to a fair and public hearing can also be questioned if third parties are given the possibility to enter arbitration to the extent that this thesis suggests.
To give a more comprehensive comparison between Sweden and Australia it has been necessary to examine how the two countries solve the problems that arise from third party joinder. Even in this regard Sweden and Australia have a lot of similarities. For example, regarding the enforcement of arbitral awards, where Sweden and Australia have adopted the articles of the New York-convention. But some of the solutions are very different to each other. For example, regarding confidentiality Australia has taken legislative measures to ensure confidentiality, whiles Sweden has taken no such measures.
When answering the question regarding if some of the Australian rules can act as model for Swedish law it has been found that very few of the rules are suitable for the Swedish legal system. However, the Australian rules regarding confidentiality can beneficially be implemented into the Swedish legal system. The Australian arbitral rules have prioritized efficiency and costs whiles the Swedish rules have prioritized party autonomy and predictability. If the Australian rules would be implemented into the Swedish legal system, there is a risk that Sweden would not keep its reputation as a prominent country for arbitration.}},
  author       = {{Engholm, Viktor}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Låt den rätte komma in - En komparativ studie av australisk och svensk rätt avseende tredje mäns möjlighet att träda in i skiljeförfarande}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}